4TH QUARTER

• Critical reading - engaging in analytic activity which involves the reader by asking questions about the text and the author's claim. Therefore, when reading critically, it is necessary to question the different arguments used by the author, as any problem can weaken the authenticity of the conclusion.
• Hypertext - the non-linear way of presenting information while intertext is the method of text development author to make another text based on another text.
• Hyperlink - the new way of reading through the use of internet which sends the reader to another website upon clicking the link presented on the text.
• Example of intertext - when a part of a story is based on another story. Like the storylines between Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story. In both written works, the young couple must hide their relationship from their families because their families do not get along with each other.
• Claim - is an assertion that something is true. Example, my claim is "Women are better than men". That is what I believe to be true which can be proven through evidences.
• Claim - somewhat synonymous to assertions, yet, it merely differs in the degree of intensity.
• Claim - It is the backbone or central argument of the text which gives writing a sense of direction and purpose.
• Counterclaims - are made to rebut a previous claim. To rebut means to contradict someone's statement through a formal argument. They provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument.
• Counterclaim - provides a conflicting angle to the main claim.
• Evaluative Statement - a statement that states one's sound judgement about something through writing which is supported by reasons and evidences. It also presents the strengths and weaknesses of something based on a set of criteria which needs to be factual, substantial, and unbiased.
• Assertions - declarative sentences that give one's belief about something else as if it is true though it may not be. It is expressed as an argument. Usually, these assertions contain languages that expresses evaluation such as useful, significant, important, insightful, detailed, up-to-date, comprehensive, practical, impressive, etc.
• Steps in Formulating Evaluative Statements

  1. Begin with the positives before you point out the negatives. Remember that your evaluative statement should be factual, substantial and unbiased. 2. Suggest a solution/s or suggestion/s on how to improve the written material being evaluated and provide justification how these will work.
  2. 3. Keep your feedback concise and precise.
  3. 4. Be careful in giving your feedback. Since evaluations pass judgment onto works of authors, they must be written and expressed with care and much diligence.
• Textual evidence - defined as the details given by the author in order to support his/her claims. It reveals the position of the writer and makes the reading more interesting. Evidence are details that strengthen, add variety or weight to any argument.
• Fact - is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research.
• • Convention - is a way in which something is done similar to traditions and norms. Its truthfulness can be verified only by reference to historical precedents, laws, rules, usage, and customs. Something to note about conventions is that they may sound factual due to their being derived from customs, but because they are socially accepted ways of doing things, they cannot be verified objectively by measurements.
• • Opinion - is a statement based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness. Opinions result from ambiguities; the more ambiguous a statement, the more difficult it is to verify. Thus, they are open to disputes.
• • Preference - states a personal choice in which the writer is under no obligation to support or prove the
• Book Review - a sneak peek of the content of the book that includes relevant description as well as its overall perspective and purpose.
• Literature review - is a critical or analytical account of a finished research. It is an account of a selection of writing relevant to your work or a summary of existing literature.
• Conclusion - summarizes the key findings of the review.
• Research Report - is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents the writer's views and findings on a chosen subject. However, it is not just a long composition which follows the principles
• Example of Fact - According to experts, seawater contains high amounts of minerals such as sodium, chloride, sulphate, magnesium and calcium.
• Example of Convention - Seawater is classified as a heterogenous and homogenous mixture.
• Example of Opinion - Swimming in seawater is the best activity to refresh and relax your mind, body, and soul.
• Example of Preference - I love to make frequent trips to places with seawater rather than those without it.