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Water
Oxygen is partially
negative
, and hydrogen is partially
positive
These charges allow water to form
hydrogen
bonds
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The
density
of ice is lower than
water
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Ions
Charged
substance
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Ions
Carry
signals
in the body
Act as an
energy
store -
secondary
active transport
Interact biochemically with
proteins
and other
molecules
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Classes of ions
Physiologically
useful ions
Biochemically
useful ions
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Calcium
is both physiologically and
biochemically
useful
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Ions in aqueous solution
Opposite
charges attract each other and form
hydration
shells
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Smaller ions
Have bigger hydration
shell
Have higher
charge
density
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Hydration shell
Affects
mobility
in solution, the effective
size
of the ion, and the interactions with proteins
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Stokes law
Ionic mobility is
inversely
proportional to its
radius
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Membranes
Lipid bilayers
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Lipid bilayers
Amphipathic nature drives formation of
bilayers
they have
hydrophobic
heads, and hydrophilic tails
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Biological membranes
Consist of a continuous double layer of
lipid
molecules
Membrane
proteins
are embedded in the lipid bilayer
Lipid bilayer is
fluid
, with individual lipid molecules able to
diffuse
rapidly within their own monolayer
Membrane lipid molecules are
amphipathic
The most numerous are the
phospholipids
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Concentration of ions against gradient
Requires
energy
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Cells get energy
From the
hydrolysis
of
ATP
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Pumps
Perform primary
active
transport
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Pumps
Membrane
proteins
Fairly
slow
Nearly always move
cations
(e.g. calcium pump)
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Sodium-potassium ATPase pump
2K+
in and
3Na+
out
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Symporter
One
ion
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Antiporter or exchanger
Two
ions in
opposite
directions
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Cotransporter
Secondary active transport
(e.g. sodium-calcium exchanger, 3Na+
in
,
2 Ca2
+ out)
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Ion gradients
Represent a source of
energy
Can be used to
transmit
information
Can be used to power
cellular
processes
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Ion channels
Transmembrane
proteins
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Sodium channels open
Depolarisation
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Potassium channel opens
Hyperpolarisation
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Sodium and potassium channels open
Depolarisation
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Chlorine channels open
Hyperpolarisation
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Calcium channels open
Diverse
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Cys loop receptors
Nicotinic
AChR
GABAa
5HT3
receptor
Inhibitory
glycine receptor
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Ach binding protein
Pentameric
protein
N terminal
extracellular
domains if
nicotinic
receptor
Lost its
transmembrane
and
intracellular
domains
Used as a template for modelling other ligand gated ion channels
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Cys-loop receptors
An important superfamily of
ligand-gated
ion channels (LGICs)
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Facilitated diffusion
The process by which ions and molecules cross
lipid bilayers
with the help of specialized
transport proteins
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Ions cannot cross
lipid bilayers
by
simple diffusion
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Different
concentrations
between either side of the membrane causes a gradient
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Facilitated diffusion
1.
Ions
flow
down
gradient
2. Until concentrations
equal
on both sides
3.
Equilibrium
is set up
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Molecules that punch
holes
in membranes
Said to
facilitate
diffusion
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Facilitated diffusion mechanisms
Pumps
Carriers
Proteins
Channels
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1D
diffusion
Movement
along
DNA
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2D
diffusion
Movement in a
membrane
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3D
diffusion
Movement in
liquid
,
cytosol
,
extracellular
fluid
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