AP world

• East Asia - Song Dynasty

  • Ruled using neo-Confucianism and the civil service exam
  • Buddhism remained the main belief system
  • Had plenty of food from Champa rice
• Islamic world - Caliphate system

  • Fell to the Mongols
  • Turkey established sultanates or Islamic kingdoms
  • Contributions to math, science, medicine, and nearly every intellectual category
• South and Southeast Asia

  • Affected by Buddhism and Hinduism
  • Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, attracted many converts
• Americas - Inca and Aztec Empires

  • Inca centralized power through their road system and the mit'a labor system
  • Aztec centralized power through their human sacrifice system
  • Had Chinampas, their sweet lake farms
• Africa


  • Mali and the trans-Saharan trade
  • Great Zimbabwe and the Swahili coast
• Europe


  • Feudalism, with serfs working on manors in a decentralized system of government
• Unit 2 is about how the places from Unit 1 were connected through trade routes
• Silk Road


  • Connected East and West
  • Powerful trading cities like Samarkand and Kashgar emerged
  • Luxury goods like silk and porcelain were traded
  • Banking houses and "flying cash" changed the economy
• Indian Ocean trade


  • Maritime version of the Silk Road
  • Same luxury goods, technology, and trading cities
  • Diaspora communities living away from their homelands
  • Admiral Zheng He made voyages along this route
  • Monsoon winds were crucial
• Trans-Saharan trade


  • Connected Dar al-Islam to sub-Saharan Africa
  • Brought trade like salt and gold, as well as Islam and travelers like Ibn Battuta
• Trade had many consequences - environmental, cultural, and technological
• The Mongols helped expedite the spread of ideas, technologies, diseases, and more during this period
• Unit 3 covers the land-based "gunpowder empires" from 1450-1750
• Manchus


  • Invaded China from the north and established the final Chinese empire
  • Maintained neo-Confucianism, civil service exam, and dynastic rule
  • Required everyone to get the "queue" haircut as a sign of loyalty
• Ottomans


  • Captured Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul
  • Sunni Muslim, constantly clashed with the Shia Safavids
  • Used the devşirme system to build their army, bureaucracy, and intellectuals
  • Practiced tax farming by selling tax collection rights
• Mughals


  • Islamic group ruling over a Hindu majority in India
  • Religiously tolerant, with Akbar the Great as the poster boy for toleration
  • Built the Taj Mahal, showing their love of monumental architecture
• Safavids


  • Shia Muslim empire wedged between the Sunni Ottomans and Mughals
• Unit 3 also covers the European Protestant Reformation and the rise of Sikhism
• Unit 4 focuses on the maritime empires and their technologies, like caravels, astrolabes, and compasses
• Portuguese Empire


  • First to find a sea route around Africa to India
  • Spread Christianity and the transatlantic slave trade
  • Established trading posts rather than full territorial control
• Spanish Empire


  • Focused on the Americas, defeating the Aztecs and Incas
  • Established viceroyalties and the encomienda system
  • Spread Catholicism with the help of priests and the arrival of Our Lady of Guadalupe
• Joint stock companies


  • Government-sponsored monopolies that allowed public investment, spreading both wealth and risk
  • Key examples are the British East India Company and the Dutch VOC
• The Columbian Exchange led to the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
• There was resistance to European expansion from indigenous peoples, enslaved groups, and local powers
• Social systems like the casta system, banner system, and millets were impacted by European colonization
• Unit 5 covers political revolutions and the Industrial Revolution from 1750 to the present
• Political Revolutions


  • Rooted in Enlightenment ideas about natural rights and nationalism
  • Examples include the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions
• Industrial Revolution


  • Started in Britain due to access to resources, capital, and urban areas
  • Spread to the US and Europe
  • Involved the factory system and innovations like the steam engine and internal combustion engine
  • Led to a decline in Asian production as European factories became more competitive
• Some governments, like the Meiji Restoration in Japan, sought to implement industrialization on their own
• Industrial Revolution


  The transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840, which occurred first in Britain and then spread to other parts of the world
• Industrial Revolution


  • Originated in Great Britain due to the right mix of access to resources, capital, and urban areas
  • Spread to the United States and Europe after about 50 years
• Factory system


  Workers come to a factory where they mass produce things for sale
• James Watt's steam engine


  • Improved the factory system by providing a movable power source that could power machines, boats, trains, etc.
• The Industrial Revolution led to a decline in production in Asia as European factories were a growing competitor on the global market
• Meiji Restoration


  A successful attempt by the Japanese government to implement the Industrial Revolution
• Cell Strengthening Movement


  An unsuccessful attempt by the Qing government in China to implement the Industrial Revolution
• Muhammad Ali


  Capitalized on global demands for cotton by nationalizing Egypt's cotton industry and restructuring their economy
• Adam Smith


  His works and the ideas of capitalism contributed to the growth of the Industrial Revolution
• Mercantilism


  The economic system of the pre-Industrial Revolution period, which was replaced by laissez-faire policies
• Industrialization


  • Led to the rise of new transnational businesses like Unilever and HSBC
  • Shook up social structures, with women pushing for equality and a new working class emerging