science..

• Data is the term given to all the observations and

  measurements that can be used to describe something. For

  example, you can be described by your personal data. This

  includes your height and weight, your hair, skin and eye

  colour, distinguishing features (such as a scar, birthmark

  or severely broken nose), when and where you were

  born and the names of your parents.
• Things to include in a good science report:

  • Heading
  • purpose
  • Hypothesis
  • Materials
  • Method
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
• RESPIRATION

  Respiration refers to the series of chemical changes that

  take place in cells to release energy. For humans and many

  other animals, breathing is the process by which the body

  takes in and lets out air.

  The system of organs and tissues that takes the air into the

  body and ultimately makes the oxygen available to the cells

  is the respiratory system.
• What does energy do?

  On a typical day, many things happen around you. People

  walk and drive around in cars, birds chirp, leaves fall from

  trees, clothes dry on the clothesline and music comes out of

  an iPod

  Each of these activities needs energy. It is hard to

  explain what energy is because you can’t see it or weigh it.

  Instead, you can observe what energy does. Energy is

  needed to move or heat something, to make noise or light,

  or to change an object’s shape. Energy makes things

  happen.
• Heat transfer

  Kinetic energy is not the only type of energy that can be

  transferred. When you stand in front of a heater, heat energy

  is transferred from the heater to you, warming you up. Heat

  energy can be transferred in three ways:

  • conduction

  • convection

  • radiation.
• Conduction

  When you consume hot soup, you feel the heat of the soup

  as it warms your mouth and passes down your throat. Heat

  has been transferred from the soup to you. This type of heat

  transfer is called conduction. Conduction happens

  between two objects that are in contact.
• Convection

  You don’t need to touch a heater in a room to feel heat

  transfer. This is because heat can flow through liquids and

  gases. This process is called convection. It is convection

  that causes heat to rise, making it hotter near the ceiling

  than down on the floor, and it is convection that spreads

  heat from ducted heating vents through rooms of a house.
• Radiation

  Heat radiates (spreads outwards) from any hot object.

  This type of heat transfer is called radiation. Radiant heat

  is transferred as a wave that can travel even through the

  vacuum of space. This explains why you feel the heat of

  the Sun when you are outside. However, radiation is easily

  blocked. If you stand in the shadow of a tree it feels much

  cooler, because the radiant heat of the Sun cannot get to

  you.
• Energy transformation

  Energy can be transferred from one object to another.

  Energy can also be changed, or transformed, from one type

  of energy into another type of energy
• The law of conservation of energy:

  Sometimes it looks as though energy disappears. For

  example, when you kick a ball, the kinetic energy you give

  the ball seems to be lost when the ball stops moving. The

  ball’s kinetic energy has instead been converted into other

  forms of energy, such as heat and sound energy.

  The law of conservation of energy states that:

  energy can never be created or destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another
• Useful and wasted energy

  Any object that moves, or has moving parts, has kinetic

  energy. A child pushing a toy car gives the car kinetic

  energy. When the child stops pushing, the car keeps moving

  along the ground. However, friction between its wheels

  and the ground produces heat energy. Eventually, the car

  will stop moving because all of its kinetic energy has been

  converted into heat energy. This heat energy is wasted

  energy. The energy has been transformed into a form that is

  not useful.
• Energy efficiency:

  Useful energy

  ------------ X100 = energy efficiency.

  Total energy

  
• Variables are factors that might have some influence on an

  experiment.
• Independent:

  The variable you choose is known as the independent variable. It is the

  one you are going to change.
• Dependent:

  What you are trying to test and about to measure is known

  as the dependent variable.
• Controlled:

  Any experiment that you run needs to be a fair test. This

  means that only one variable should be changed at any

  time. All the other variables need to be controlled and held

  constant.