lesson 1

• Intellectual Revolution


  Pre-Socratic, Non-theological, First philosophy
• Nicholas Copernicus


  A mathematician and an astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory

  
• Heliocentric theory


  • Sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it
  • Before Copernicus, the principles of classical astronomy involving the four elements were followed

  
• Geocentric theory


  Earth was put at the center of the universe
• Aristotle believed that the Earth is the true center of all the orbs and that all motions are uniform and unchanging
• Between 1508 and 1514, Copernicus adopted the heliocentric model, but this concept was considered a radical idea during that time
• Copernicus' essay "On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres" (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium) was only published before his death in 1543 and while he was on his deathbed
• Charles Darwin


  British naturalist known as the "Father of evolution"
• Darwin's theory of evolution

  • All living organisms are related and have descended from a common ancestor
  • Complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time and these changes occur because they aid survival, known as "natural selection"
• Adaptation


  Short term adjustment
• Natural selection


  Survival of the fittest - not necessarily the strongest or most intelligent that survives, but the ones most responsive to change
• Variations in a population help in survival, and organisms that survive are better adapted, and the better adapted a species is, the more fitted it is to reproduce
• Sigmund Freud


  One of the 20th century's most influential thinkers, known as the "Father of Psychoanalysis"
• Freud's belief


  • When people explain their behavior, they rarely give a true account of their motivation, not because they are deliberately lying but because they are more adept at self-deception
• Three component parts of the mind

  • Id (pleasure principle)
  • Ego (reality principle)
  • Superego (morality principle)
• Five psychosexual stages


  • Oral - mouth
  • Anal - toilet training
  • Phallic - genitals (Oedipus Complex, Elektra Complex)
  • Latency - peers, school works and hobbies
  • Genital - intimate relationship