Female RS

• Ovarian function


  The function of the ovaries
• Female reproductive cycle


  The cyclical changes that occur in the female reproductive system
• Menstrual cycle phases


  1. Menstrual phase (Day 1 -5)

  2. Follicular phase (Day 1 - 13)

  3. Ovulation phase (Day 14)

  4. Luteal phase (Day 15 to 28)
• Cervical mucus


  • Stretch cervical mucus
• Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs)

  • Copper ParaGard IUD
  • Hormonal (progesterone) Mirena IUD
  • Hormonal contraceptive implant (effective for 10, 5 and 3 years, respectively)
• Other contraception methods


  • Natural family planning
  • Lactation amenorrhea method
  • Spermicides
  • Tubal ligation
  • Vasectomy
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)


  Tropic to gonads, initiates steroidogenesis, stimulates primordial follicles, primes seminiferous tubular epithelial cells
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)


  Maturation of ovarian follicle, stimulates migration and bursting of mature follicle, release of ovum, transformation of corpus hemorrhagicum into corpus luteum, progesterone production
• ICSH (Interstitial Cells Stimulating Hormone)

  Male LH, stimulates production of testosterone from Leydig cells, maturation and transport of sperm
• HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)


  LH analogue in pregnancy, produced by trophoblastic-chorionic cells, prolongs life of corpus luteum, continues decidualization of endometrium and placental progesterone production, blocks maternal graft rejection
• Estrogen


  Hormone of increased mitosis, proliferation, and vascularization of reproductive mucosa, mammary gland development, bone mineralization, stimulation of myometrial contractions, inhibition of gonadotropin secretion
• Significant actions of estrogen

  • Proliferation of endometrium
  • Development of mammary glands
  • Development of secondary sex characteristics
  • Body fat distribution
  • Bone mineralization
  • Stimulation of myometrial contractions
  • Inhibition of gonadotropin secretion
• Progesterone


  Hormone of differentiation, specialization, vascularization and functionalization in reproductive system, inhibits oxytocic receptors of myometrium but stimulates lactopoiesis, thermogenic through hypothalamic temperature control centre
• Significant actions of progesterone

  • Differentiation and development of endometrium to secretory state
  • Decidualization and vascularization of endometrium after conception
  • Blocks maternal graft rejection immune mechanism during pregnancy
  • Inhibition of myometrial contraction during pregnancy
  • Development of vascular and glandular elements of mammary glands
  • Stimulation of lactopoiesis and lactogenesis
  • Thermogenic through hypothalamic control centre
• Metabolic actions of progesterone

  More anabolic than catabolic, anti-insulin in carbohydrate metabolism, inhibits gonadotropin secretion, increases blood coagulability, Na+ and water retention, elevation of blood pressure