A1 Cells, tissue and biological molecules

Created by

Amaka Osammor

Cards (54)

What are carbohydrates? 
- contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
-used for ATP production, energy storage, structural support
What are Monosaccharides? 
-simplest carbohydrate
- monomers
-two monosaccharides bind togther to from a disaccharide
- three or more monosaccharides bond togther to form a polysaccharide
What is glucose? 
- main source of energy
- hexose monosaccharide
-C6H1206
alpha glucose has the OH group below the ring
beta glucose has the OH group above the ring
What is alpha glucose used for?
- used in respiration in plants and animals
- the enzymes involved in these processes have active sites complementary to the shape of alpha glucose
What is beta glucose used for?
- used to form a polymer called cellulose; this is an essential polysaccharide used in the structure of plants.
What is an enzyme?
- biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions in the body without being used up in the process.
- made up of a long chain of amino acids.
- have an active site that fits particular molecules.
What is DNA? 
- carries most of the genetic instructions within the cell.- a double helix, - composed of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.- adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine(C) pairs with guanine (G), held together by hydrogen bonds.- The order of these base pairs form the code for the production of proteins
What is collagen 
- is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom and forms the primary structural element in skin, bones, tendons, and teeth.
- is a long, stiff, triple-stranded helical structure in which three collagen polypeptides.
- high tensile strength which helps to withstand stretching forces, providing firmness to our skin and strength to our bones.
What are proteins? 
- large polymers made of long chains of amino acids.
-20 different types of amino acids, and their sequence is specific to each protein.
-used fro growth and repair of tissues
What are carbohydrates 
- made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
- simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose, double sugars (disaccharides) like sucrose, and complex sugars (polysaccharides) like starch and cellulose.
What is the function of carbohydrates?
- function as the primary energy source for cellular functions, help in storage and transport of energy, and provide structural support in cells.
What are lipids? 
- large molecules made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.- include fats, oils, and waxes. - Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids are the most common types of lipids in biology.
What are the function of lipids? 
- function as a long-term energy store, provide insulation, protection, and are essential for forming cell membranes.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
- the specific sequence of amino acids forms a polypeptide chain
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
- the primary chain forms spirals (α-helices) and sheets (β-sheets)
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
- α-helices and/or β-sheets are folded to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
- two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein.
What is the cell membrane
- is a flexible yet firm barrier that encloses the cell.- provides protection and maintains the cell's integrity by controlling the passage of substances into and out of the cell.- made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, glycoproteins and cholesterol.
What is the nucleus? 
- the control centre of the cell and contains the cell's genetic material, DNA.- regulates cell activities such as growth, metabolism, protein synthesis and cell division. - surrounded by a nuclear envelope that has nuclear pores for the transport of molecules across it.
What is the cytoplasm?
- the watery substance in which all the organelles of the cell are suspended. - most of the cell's metabolic reactions such as glycolysis occur.
What is mitrochondria? 
- the primary sites of cellular respiration. - responsible for producing ATP the cell's energy currency which drives many cellular processes
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- ribosomes on its surface, leading to the 'rough' appearance. - plays a role in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.
What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
- lacks the ribosomes.- involved in lipid synthesis detoxification of harmful substances and calcium storage in muscle cells.
What is Golgi apparatus? 
- processes, sorts and packages proteins and lipids transported from the endoplasmic reticulum. - are then transported in vesicles to their destinations, either inside or outside the cell.
What are Lysosomes? 
- the cell's digestive system, containing enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. - destroy harmful bacteria, viruses and even the cell itself in a process known as autolysis.
What are ribosomes? 
- small, spherical structures where proteins are made (protein synthesis).- found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the RER.
What are Centrioles? 
- assist in the formation of the spindle fibres that separate the chromosomes.- found near the nucleus.
What is Active Transport?
- uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient.- enables cells to absorb ions from very dilute solutions. - uptake of glucose and amino acids. - transported from a lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
What is Osmosis? 
- the diffusion of water from a dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
- maintaining the correct balance of water in the body
- too much or too little water in cells can be damaging.
What is Diffusion? 
- passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
-rely on kinetic energy and a concentration gradient for movement,
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
- substances move across cell membranes using protein channels or carrier proteins.
- allows larger molecules such as glucose to be transported into cells.
- moves substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, but involves the use of membrane proteins.
What is Endocytosis and exocytosis?
- used for transporting large particles into and out of a cell. - the cell membrane envelops the particle and forms a vesicle. - endocytosis is the intake of materials - exocytosis involves the expulsion of materials out of a cell. - are both energy-dependent processes.
What is Mitosis? 
- a single nuclear division and produces two daughter cells. - are genetically identical to the parent cell, each containing the same number of chromosomes. - This process is important in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
What is Phagocytosis? 
- a type of endocytosis.
- cells engulf a target particle and the mem-
brane forms around it to produce vesicles called phagosomes.
- happens when destroying a virus.
What are the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What is Interphase? 
Interphase consists of three phases: G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2 (second gap).
What happens during G1 phase?
- the cell grows in size
- synthesises new proteins and organelles
- carries out its specific functions. The cell prepares for DNA replication.
What is Meiosis? 
- two rounds of nuclear division, resulting in the production of four daughter cells.- Each cells has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell ( 23 chromosomes)
- sexual reproduction as the fusion of male and female cells creates a cell with the full number of chromosomes.
- increases genetic diversity due to the shuffling of genetic material during the process.
What happens in the G2 phase?
-the cell continues to grow and prepare for mitosis and cytokinesis
What happens during mitosis?
Mitosis is broken down into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.