Applied Human Biology Unit 1

• Describe the function of the plasmodesmata

  A channel through the cell wall the allows transport of materials from one cell to another
• Describe the function of the amyoplasts

  Stores starch and converts starch back into glucose when the plant needs energy
• Describe the function of the tonoplasts

  Membrane the surrounds the vacuole. Protects the vacuole, isolates it from harmful substances and controls water flow in and out of the vacuole
• Why are gram positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics?

  Permeable cell wall whereas gram negative bacteria has a semi-permeable cell wall
• Describe the adaptations found in a palisade cell

  Closely packed together

  Chloroplasts

  Large vacuole
• Explain why the palisade cell has a large amount of chloroplasts

  To absorb lots of light for photosynthesis
• Explain why palisade cells are closely packed together

  To form a continuous layer in the leaf
• Explain why palisade cells have a large vacuole

  To maintain turgor (pushes against the cell wall to maintain rigid shape)
• Describe the adaptations of a root hair cell

  Root hair shape

  Large vacuole

  Thin cellulose walls
• Explain why root hair cells have an elongated section known as the root hair

  Increased surface area for maximum movement of water into the cell
• Explain why root hair cells have a large vacuole

  Contains cell sap with low water potential to encourage water into the cell
• Explain why root hair cells have thin cellulose walls

  Encourage movement of water and minerals into the cell. Short distance for osmosis and diffusion
• Describe the adaptations of a sperm cell

  Lots of mitochondria

  Shaped head containing acrosome (with enzymes)

  Haploid nucleus

  Tail for movement
• Explain why a sperm cell has an undulipodium (tail)

  To allow the sperm to move to the egg
• Explain why sperm cells contain large numbers of mitochondria

  To produce the large amounts of energy needed for movement
• Explain why sperm cells have a shaped head

  To push through the protective layer of the egg cell
• Explain why sperm cells contain acrosome in the head

  To digest the zona pellucida to allow entry into the egg cell
• Explain why sperm cells have a haploid nucleus

  Contains half the genetic material.
• Describe the adaptations of egg cells

  Contains a haploid nucleus

  Protective outer layer (zona pellucida)

  Corona radiata
• Explain why egg cells have a haploid nucleus

  Contains half the genetic material
• Explain why egg cells have a zona pellucida (protective layer)

  Protects the cell and only allows one sperm cell to enter.
• Explain why egg cells have a corona radiata (two or three layers attached to the zona pellucida)


  Contains all of the proteins needed to develop the fertilised cellSee an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• What symptoms can be displayed from COPD?

  Breathlessness

  Persistent coughing

  Phlegm build up
• What conditions are considered part of COPD?

  Emphysema

  Bronchitis

  Asthma
• Describe columnar epithelial tissue

  Column shaped ciliated cells and goblet cells held in place by a membrane
• What is meant by the term ciliated cell?

  A cell covered in cilia. Cilia are fine, hair like projections that 'sweep' away pathogens from the lungs
• How does smoking affect ciliated columnar tissue?

  The cilia can break, lessening the 'sweeping action' overall. This leads to a build-up of mucus.
• What is the role of the goblet cell?

  To produce mucus
• How do goblet cells and ciliated cells work together?

  Goblet cells produce mucus that sticks to pathogens, whilst cilia 'sweep' away the mucus containing the pathogens
• How does smoking affect the alveoli?

  Reduces the elasticity so pockets of air form that cannot be expelled
• Where is endothelial tissue found?

  Lining the inside of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and the heart
• Describe the structure of endothelial tissue

  A layer of flattened cells, one layer thick
• What is atherosclerosis?


  The process of white blood cells encouraging the deposition of fatty substances (cholesterol) below the endothelial lining
• What factors can increase the likelihood of atherosclerosis?

  Smoking

  High blood pressure
• What conditions can atherosclerosis cause?

  Angina

  TIA (mini strokes)

  Heart attack

  Aneurysm and haemorrhage
• Name the three types of muscle tissue

  Skeletal

  Cardiac

  Smooth
• What type of control is exhibited in skeletal muscle?

  Voluntary control
• What type of control is exhibited in cardiac muscle?

  Involuntary control
• What type of control is exhibited in smooth muscle?

  Involuntary control
• Where can skeletal muscle be found?

  Attached to bones