PEEL paragraphs

• Multi-store model of memory strengths

  Pioneering, distinguished separate entities

  
  

  Research support from HM and KF to support distinct entities

  
  

  Research support from Baddeley encoding
• Multi-store model of memory weaknesses

  Computer model, reductionist

  
  

  Oversimplifies the STM, cannot explain dual tasking

  
  

  Fallible evidence, artificial and brain damage
• Capacity of the STM research strengths

  Lab study

  
  

  Standardised, easy to replicate

  
  

  Different ages used in the sample, high ecological validity
• Capacity of the STM research weaknesses

  Lacks mundane realism

  
  

  Individual differences can vary the results
• Duration of the STM research strengths

  Supports the MSM, the longer the task the worse recall was

  
  

  Lab study, high internal validity
• Duration of the STM research weaknesses

  Sample bias, only 20 students

  
  

  Lacks mundane realism
• Duration of the LTM research strengths

  High mundane realism, year books
• Duration of the LTM research weaknesses

  Familiar faces are specific and cannot be generalised
• Working memory model strengths

  Ability to explain dual tasking, if one is easy and they are different modalities

  
  

  It can explain the results of KF, auditory store capped at 1, the rest was normal
• Working memory model weaknesses

  The central executive is vague, it has been oversimplified, EVR had good reasoning skills and poor decision making

  
  

  Fallible evidence such as bran damaged case studies
• Types of LTM strengths

  Research to support different areas of the brain, ESP - HTC

  
  

  Brain scan evidence, difference between episodic and semantic memories, Hodges and Patterson, could form episodic memories but not semantic

  
  

  Difference between explicit and implicit memories, HM could still learn procedural
• Types of LTM weaknesses

  Clinical cases are fallible
• Interference strengths


  Has an effect in everyday life, Baddeley and Hitch, the more games played the worse their recall was

  
  

  Implications for advertising, Danaher, market saturation, advertise as much as possible in a limited time
• Interference weaknesses


  Research is artificial, studies such as Muller and Pilzecker are lab based and use artificial stimuli such as nonsense syllables and describing paintings

  
  

  Interference has limited explanatory powers, require specific conditions

  
  

  Individual differences can affect interference, Kane and Eagle, those who have a greater WM span are less susceptible to interference
• Retrieval failure strengths


  The research has been applied to real life, Abernethy, improve your performance

  
  

  Retrieval failure explains interference effects, Tulving and Psotka, each ppt had 6 different word lists to learn, 24 words of different categories. More they learnt, the worse the performed. Cues increased recall to 70%.
• Retrieval failure weaknesses


  Retrieval cues do not always work, outshining hypothesis

  
  

  Contexts aren't that strong in real life
• Factors affecting EWT strengths

  The research is a lab study, high internal validity

  
  

  The research could be easily applied to real life, police interviews

  
  

  Support from Braun, Bugs Bunny, not a Disney character and Ariel was created after the time, more likely to report shaking hands
• Factors affecting EWT weaknesses

  Research has low ecological validity, watching videos of car crashes lacks mundane realism, no consequentiality

  
  

  Individual differences, cannot be certain misleading information is affecting memory, Poole and Lindsay, children struggle to distinguish

  
  

  Yuille and Cutshall, accurate reports 4 months after, despite 2 misleading qs
• Anxiety affecting EWT strengths

  Yerkes-Dodson effect, Daffenbacher, accounts for the inconsistency

  
  

  Fazey and Hardy, catastrophe effect, catastrophic decline after optimum level
• Anxiety affecting EWT weaknesses

  Weapon focus can affect accuracy rather than anxiety, Pickel, high surprise conditions affected recall the most

  
  

  Bothwell, individual differences, neurotic/stable, neurotic had worse recall as stress levels increased
• Cognitive interview strengths


  Supporting research, Kohnken, increase of 34% correct info

  
  

  Milne and Bull, battle Royale, report everything and context reinstatement, best combination
• Cognitive interview weaknesses


  Kohnken, also increases the amount of incorrect information, which can waste time, as the data needs to be treated with caution

  
  

  Kebel and Wagstaff, Thames Valley police only use context and report everything, too time consuming and expensive to train

  
  

  Geiselman, cannot be used on children, cannot do change perspective as they lack theory of mind