EXAM

• Formulating Evaluative Statements


  Giving a better explanation to show the strength and weaknesses of something through writing
• Evaluation


  Refers to the formulation of a vague judgement. To support the position, we have to make value judgements as well. Making value judgement involves the use of certain criteria against which we determine whether something is good or bad, strong or weak, beautiful or ugly, etc.
• Evaluative statement


  A statement that you can make to reflect your judgement and generalization about a text that you have read
• Formulating evaluative statements


  1. Formulating assertions or positive statements about the content of a text and properties of a text that you read

  2. Formulating counterclaims
• Claim


  Suggests an idea to the reader who may or may not agree with it
• Types of claims


  • Claim of value
  • Claim of policy
  • Claim of fact
• Types of statements


  • Statement of FACT
  • Statement of OPINION
  • Statement of CONVENTION
  • Statement of PREFERENCE
• Descriptive meaning


  Meaning contributes to a bare presentation of fact
• Evaluative meaning


  Meaning functions by offering an assessment
• Counterclaim


  Claims made to rebut a previous claim. They provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument.
• Hedges


  A word or phrase that minimizes negative impact of a criticism
• Components of attitudes


  • Cognitive components (beliefs, opinions, knowledge, information)
  • Affective component (emotional, feeling segment)
  • Behavioral component (intention to behave in a certain way)
• Reasoning


  The ability of your mind to think and understand things in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement
• Reasoning is not the only way in which a writer or reader supports their conclusion and argument. They may also resort to appeals to authority or emotion, but whatever they use to make judgements that can be relied on, their only solid foundation is correct reasoning.
• Text/Textual Evidence


  Any proof of an argument, a claim, a counter claim, a contention or an assertion cited in the text leading to a conclusion
• Why determine textual evidence

  To evaluate the author's argument. Evidence is required to strengthen the argument being made and provide support for the thesis.
• What can be included in evidence

  • Facts and statistics
  • Opinion from experts
  • Personal anecdotes
• Characteristics of good evidence

  • Unified
  • Relevant to the central point
  • Specific and concrete
  • Accurate
  • Representative or typical
• Ways of generating textual evidence

  • Quotation
  • Paraphrasing
  • Summarizing
• Steps in making textual evidence (PEEL method/paragraph)

  1. Point

  2. Evidence

  3. Explanation

  4. Link
• Book review


  A formal paper that works to describe, analyze and evaluate a particular source as well as to provide detailed evidence to support this analysis and evaluation
• Difference between book report and book review

  Book report focuses on summarizing the work and providing personal opinion. Book review involves analyzing the book and moving beyond personal likes/dislikes.
• How to write a book review

  1. Introduction (background, thesis)

  2. Summary of key arguments

  3. Evaluation and analysis

  4. Conclusion
• Structure for book review

  • Introduction - 5%
  • Summary - 10%
  • Review/critique - 75%
  • Conclusion - 10%
• Literature


  Any collection of materials on a topic, not necessarily the great literary texts of the world
• Literature Review


  Discussion of published information in a particular subject area. It can be just a summary or a synthesis that provides a new interpretation.
• Why write a literature review

  Gives a guide to a particular topic, provides an overview if there's limited time, analyzes, synthesizes and critically evaluates information
• How to write a literature review

  1. Search for relevant literature

  2. Evaluate sources

  3. Identify themes, debates and gaps

  4. Outline the structure

  5. Write the review
• Research report


  A brief statement of most significant facts that are necessary for understanding the generalization drawn by the researcher
• Sections of a research report

  • Preliminary material (title, table of contents, abstract)
  • Body (introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion)
  • Supplementary material (references, appendices)
• Steps before doing a research report

  1. Analyze the task

  2. Develop a rough plan

  3. Do the research

  4. Draft the body

  5. Draft the supplementary material

  6. Draft the preliminary material
• Project Proposal


  A highly persuasive and informative document that aims to address a particular problem or issue. It is a bid or offer to initiate a project.
• What a good project proposal specifies

  • Goals and objectives
  • Project plan
  • Resources (financial, human, technical)
  • Budget
• Types of project proposals

  • Solicited internal
  • Unsolicited internal
  • Solicited external
• Project proposal


  A bid or offer to initiate a project for an individual or a group
• Project proposal


  • Usually ranges from 1000 to 2,500 words depending on the complexity of the project being proposed
• Types of project proposal

  • Solicited internal
  • Unsolicited internal
  • Solicited external
  • Unsolicited external
• Parts of project proposal

  • Project Background
  • Project Objectives/Outcomes
  • Project Methodology
  • Budgetary Requirements
• Project Background


  • Gives an overview of what the project is about and convinces the funding agency that the project is worth pursuing
• Project Objectives/Outcomes


  • States explicitly what the project aims to achieve, and should be specific, measurable, attainable and time bound