biology

• DNA


  Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA


  Ribonucleic Acid
• DNA


  • Double helix
  • Sugar is deoxyribose
  • Contains the four bases A, T, C, G

  
• RNA


  • Single helix
  • Sugar is ribose
  • Contains the four bases A, T, C, G but instead of T, A pairs with Uracil (U)

  
• Types of RNA

  • mRNA (messenger)
  • rRNA (ribosomal)
  • tRNA (transfer)
• mRNA


  Adenine pairs with Uracil
• JAMES WATSON is the Father of DNA Science
• FRANCIS CRICK is best known for his work with Watson which led to the identification of the structure of DNA in 1953
• DNA


  • Copied during interphase before mitosis and meiosis
  • DNA replication is done when 2 identical copies of DNA are produced

  
• Levels of organization


  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Macromolecule
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere
• Carbohydrates


  • The building blocks of life
  • Structural support to living organisms
  • Carbos are sugars
  • Most common organic molecule
  • Function: energy source
  • Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1)
• Examples of carbohydrates


  • Chocolates
  • Bread
  • Pastas
  • Fruits
  • Vegetables
• Types of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides (Glucose, fructose, galactose)
  • Disaccharides (Sucrose, lactose, maltose)
  • Polysaccharides (Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)
• Fats and lipids


  • Function: store energy, insulate your body, and make up the cell membrane
  • Elements: C, H, O
  • Monomer: glycerol & 3 fatty acids
  • Polymer: phospholipids, triglycerides
  • Examples: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, oils, nuts, waxes, and make up part of the cell membrane
  • Are hydrophobic
• Types of lipids


  • Saturated (single bond between carbons, solid at room temperature, mainly animal fats)
  • Unsaturated (double or triple bond between carbons, liquid at room temperature, mainly plant-based fats)
• Proteins


  • Function: enzyme catalysts, structural support, immune defense
  • COLLAGEN - fibrous protein that forms the framework of connective tissues
  • IMMUNOGLOBULINS - proteins produced by B cells
• Essential amino acids


  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Threonine
  • Tryptophan
  • Valine

  
• Importance of dietary protein sources

  Essential for meeting the body's nutritional needs, as they provide the necessary amino acids for protein synthesis
• Protein, made up of amino acid chains, is broken down by our bodies when we consume protein-rich foods
• Protein deficiency


  • Impaired growth and development
  • Muscle wasting
  • Weakened immune system
  • Edema