PART 1

    Cards (43)

    • Health
      The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
    • Ill Health
      Any deviation from this healthy state
    • Biomedical Definition of Health

      Absence of illness, freedom from disease, pain and disability
    • Biomedical Definition of Ill Health
      A physical/mental disease, diagnosed by a medical professional from a person's symptoms. Treated with physical methods, such as medication, to address physical/biological causes. Treatment returns person to pre-illness condition
    • Biomedical Approach

      • Focuses on biological functioning not social or psychological causes. It is also associated with medical science and technological advances
    • Biopsychosocial Definition
      Several interacting factors play a role in health and ill health, including: Biological characteristics (genes, neurochemistry), Psychological characteristics (stress, attitudes), Social characteristics (family, culture)
    • Biopsychosocial Approach
      Treatment takes all three factors into account to enhance health. Focus on prevention, and mental ill health is not just faulty biology, so treatment is not just correcting the 'fault'
    • Health as a Continuum
      The dominant biomedical view is that your health and ill health are two categories. The biopsychosocial approach opposes this as too simplistic. It proposes that health exists on a continuum varying between two extremes
    • Stressor
      Any threat that creates stress
    • Types of Stressor
      • Physical stressor (e.g. temperature, noise)
      • Psychological stressor (e.g. major life events, everyday annoyances, workplace, personality)
    • Stress Response
      How we respond to a stressor, physiologically and psychologically
    • Perceived Ability to Cope

      Whether you experience stress depends on how you think about the stressor and your ability to cope with it. Psychological stress occurs when the perceived demands of your environment exceed your perceived ability to cope
    • Perception of Available Resources
      How we think about our ability to deal with stressors. What coping resources do we believe we have? Internal coping resources are psychological, including resilience and self-efficacy. External coping resources include social support, i.e. network of friends, family and other people
    • Addiction
      People can become addicted to a substance or a behaviour. They both produce pleasurable experiences and people persist in their addiction despite harmful consequences
    • Categories of Addiction
      • Substance use (e.g. drugs, alcohol, nicotine)
      • Addictive Behaviours (e.g. gambling, video games)
    • Griffith's Six Components of Addiction
      • Dependence (Salience)
      • Tolerance
      • Withdrawal
      • Relapse
      • Conflict
      • Mood Alteration
    • Physiological Addiction
      Substance addiction has wide-ranging effects on the body. Two signs indicate someone is physiologically addicted: Withdrawal, Tolerance
    • Non-substance related Addiction
      An addictive behaviour produces the same physical effects on the body as a chemical substance does (e.g. tolerance and withdrawal)
    • Genetic Predisposition
      Genes contribute to health but do not determine it – if you do not inherit a gene 'for' health or an illness. You inherit a predisposition which makes you more or less likely to be healthy (or ill). This is not inevitable and depends on non-genetic factors
    • Genetic Predisposition Effects
      • Health (e.g. physical activity)
      • Physical Illness (e.g. obesity)
      • Psychological Disorder (e.g. depression)
    • Neurotransmitter Imbalances

      Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow communication between neurons. Neurotransmitters are usually 'in balance', neither too high nor too low. But levels can become imbalanced due to genetics, stress etc. This affects behaviour depending on whether the levels are too high or too low
    • Neurotransmitters
      • Serotonin
      • Dopamine
    • Correcting neurotransmitter imbalances can improve health
    • Genetic predisposition research includes non-genetic factors
    • Positive Reinforcement
      The consequences of a behaviour are rewarded, making the behaviour more likely to happen again
    • Negative Reinforcement
      Avoiding the unpleasant consequences of behaviour is rewarded, making the behaviour more likely
    • Positive Reinforcement for Healthy Behaviours

      • Physical exercise releases brain chemicals so you experience happiness
      • Sitting on the sofa watching TV is an enjoyable experience so we want to do it again
    • Negative Reinforcement for Healthy Behaviours
      • Feeling guilty for not exercising, so you exercise to relieve the feeling of guilt
      • Sitting on the sofa watching TV avoids the unpleasant experience of exercise
    • Using Operant Conditioning to Encourage Healthy Eating
      1. Positive reinforcement (e.g. receiving external feedback, achieving targets, internal self-talk)
      2. Negative reinforcement (e.g. avoiding unpleasant feelings like guilt, lethargy)
      3. Punishment (e.g. getting told off for eating unhealthy food)
    • Operant conditioning can create real world healthy behaviours
    • Operant conditioning may only apply to a small amount of behaviours
    • Modelling
      When a role model performs a behaviour observed by someone else, and the observer imitates the role model's behaviour
    • Role Models in Health Education
      • Peer leaders
      • Nurses
      • Celebrities
    • Health interventions based on modelling are useful
    • Modelling explains how health behaviours develop
    • Some role models in health education are ineffective
    • Identification
      We identify with peers because they are similar to us, so we model our behaviour on theirs. Imitation is more likely when peers are having a positive experience
    • Social Norms
      Peers establish what is desirable or 'normal' for the group, e.g. doing physical exercise or smoking
    • Cognitive Dissonance
      When making decisions we sometimes have to choose between two equally (un)attractive options, so whichever we choose we think, 'Maybe I should have selected the other one'
    • Cognitive Biases

      An inclination to believe one thing rather than another, usually unconscious rather than deliberate. Gender bias and racial bias can affect decisions about diagnosis and treatment
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