q4

• Family


  A group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live together; all such related persons are considered as members of one family
• Family according to membership

  • Nuclear
  • Extended
  • Single-Parent Family
  • Stepfamily
  • Grandparent Family
• Family according to type of marriage

  • Polygamy
  • Polygyny
  • Polyandry
  • Monogamy
  • Cenogamy
• Family according to line of descent

  • Patrilineal
  • Matrilineal
  • Bilineal
• Family according to place of residence

  • Patrilocal
  • Matrilocal
  • Neolocal
• Family according to authority

  • Patriarchal
  • Matriarchal
  • Egalitarian
• Characteristics of a Filipino family

  • Closely knit and has strong family ties
  • Has a strong loyalty among members
  • Individual interests are sacrificed over the welfare of the group
  • Parents get sponsors (ninong and ninang)
• Functions of family


  • Reproduction of the race and rearing the young
  • Cultural transmission or enculturation
  • Socialization of the child
  • Providing affection and a sense of security
  • Providing the environment for personality development and the growth of self-concept
• Socialization


  Lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in a society
• Enculturation


  The process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group (or society) and behave in a manner approved by the group (or society)
• Acculturation


  The process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members
• Identity Formation


  Development of an individual's unique personality by which he or she is recognized or known
• Factors affecting identity formation

  • Nature
  • Nurture
• Nature


  Genetic makeup is the primary factor in determining human behavior
• Nurture


  Environmental variables (early childhood experiences, how we are raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture) effect who we are
• Social Self Theory


  People develop self-images through interactions with other people
• George Herbert Mead developed the Social Self Theory
• Development of self


  • Imitation
  • Preparatory play
  • Games
• Norms


  Rules and expectations that specify how people should or should not behave in various social situations
• Values

  General standards of those things that people consider important to them
• Status


  A position a person occupies within a social structure
• Role


  Expected behavior associated with a particular status
• Types of status


  • Ascribed
  • Achieved
• Ascribed status


  A social position assigned at birth and is, therefore, usually permanent (e.g. sex, caste, race, age, ethnic background, place of birth, and family name)
• Achieved status


  A status that is chosen or achieved, not fixed by inheritance, biological characteristics, or other factors (e.g. being a doctor, husband, and father)
• Family as an agent of socialization

  • Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach a child what he or she needs to know
• Peers as an agent of socialization


  • Includes people of about the same age, social status, and interests
• School as an agent of socialization

  • We learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students
• Mass media as an agent of socialization


  • Give individuals a wide view of culture and ideas and reactions to and judgments about the culture and ideas
• Factors affecting socialization


  • The type of society
  • The subcultures within a society (class, race, ethnicity, religion, gender)
  • Unique individual experiences (family, friendship groups)
• Conformity


  The tendency for an individual to align their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people around them
• Chameleon effect


  A socio-psychological phenomenon wherein people tend to make themselves blend into the environment
• Reasons for conformity

  • Pragmatic reasons - to make decisions
  • Motivational - to be accepted, to fit in, to feel good
  • Group persuasion - pressure
• Deviance


  Any behavior that violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society
• Reasons for deviance


  • To broaden options in making decisions
  • Constructive - weigh the strengths and weaknesses of the options/proposals
  • Destructive - when the members create a dispute within the group
• Innovation


  When there is external pressure put upon the individual to achieve a specific goal within a given time, it accepts the goal or the social expectations but innovates the way or process to attain that specific means
• Ritualism


  Individuals reject their social values and goals. They don't conform or deny and deviate from them. They simply reject those goals and don't consider them as their ultimate goal.
• Retreatism


  Rejects both the cultural goals and the means to obtain it, then find a way to escape it. They simply avoid both the goals and means established by the society.
• Rebellion


  An individual rejecting socially acceptable goals and means while replacing them with socially unacceptable goals and means. It can lead to crime, violence, and in extreme examples, terrorism.
• Social order


  • A necessary feature of any society and it is deeply important for building a sense of belonging and connection with others. At the same time, social order is also responsible for producing and maintaining oppression.