ENGLISH

• Research


  A systematic and scientific process to answer questions about facts and relationship between facts. It is an activity involved in seeking answer to unanswered questions.
• Qualitative research


  Involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. Qualitative research is used to understand how people experience the world. While there are many approaches to qualitative research, they tend to be flexible and focus on retaining rich meaning when interpreting data.
• Quantitative research


  The process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
• Abstract


  A clear, concise summary that communicates the essential information about the study.
• Conceptual framework


  Illustrates the expected relationship between your variables. It defines the relevant objectives for your research process and maps out how they come together to draw coherent conclusions.
• Assumption


  Basic principle that is being true on the basis of logic or reason, without proof or verification.
• Research Variable


  Refers to qualities, properties or characteristics which are observed or measured in a natural setting without manipulating & establishing cause & effect relationship.
• Data


  Units of information or any statistics, facts, figures, general material, evidence, or knowledge collected during the course of the study.
• Target Population


  The entire population in which the researchers are interested and to which they would like to generalize the research findings.
• Demographic


  The characteristics & attributes of study subjects such as age, gender, place of living, educational status, religion, social class, marital status, occupation, income are considered as demographic variables.
• Research Setting


  The location in which the research is conducted. It could be natural, partially controlled environment or laboratories.
• Literature Review


  A critical summary of research on a topic of interest, generally prepared to put a research problem in context or to identify gaps and weaknesses in prior studies so as to justify a new investigation.
• Sampling


  The process of selecting sample from the target population to represent the entire population.
• Qualitative research


  Involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences
• One-to-One Interview


  Involves conducting an interview with a single participant to gain a detailed understanding of their experiences, attitudes, and beliefs
• Process of Observation


  Involves systematically observing and recording behaviors and interactions in natural settings
• Ethnographic Studies


  Involves immersing oneself in a culture or community to gain a deep understanding of its norms, beliefs, and practices
• Case Study


  Involves an in-depth examination of a single person, group, or event to gain an understanding of complex phenomena
• Focus Groups


  Involves bringing together a group of people to discuss a specific topic in a structured setting
• Surveys


  Involves collecting data from a large sample of participants through a structured questionnaire
• Quantitative research


  The process of collecting and analyzing numerical data
• Descriptive Research Design


  Used to describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied
• Correlational Research Design


  Used to investigate the relationship between two or more variables
• Experimental Research Design


  Used to investigate cause-and-effect relationships between variables
• Present Tense


  Refers to the action or event that takes place or is taking place in the present. It represents the current activity or the present state of being of the subject in the given context.
• Simple Present Tense


  Used to describe facts and habits, to describe scheduled events in the future, and to tell stories.
• Simple Present Tense to describe facts and habits


  • The researcher talks to the participant every afternoon.
  • The participant asks questions.
• Simple Present Tense to describe scheduled events in the future


  • The participant arrives at 5 o'clock.
• Present Progressive Tense


  Used for an ongoing action in the present. Format: [am/is/are] + [present participle]
• Present Progressive Tense


  • The respondent is answering the questionnaire.
  • The researchers are analyzing the data.
• Present Progressive Tense for planned future activities


  • The researchers are searching for respondents this summer.
  • The respondent is arriving in 10 minutes.
• Present Perfect Tense


  Used to describe an action that began in the past (despite being a present tense). Format: [have/has] + [past participle]
• Present Perfect Tense


  • Through this process, they have gained so many lessons.
  • Kelsen (2019) has categorized the source of stress for public speakers.
• Present Perfect Progressive Tense


  Shows an ongoing action in the present that was started in the past. Often used to emphasize the length of time. Format: [have/has] + [been] + [present participle]
• Present Perfect Progressive Tense


  • This study will help education students to overcome challenges that have been keeping them from committing grammatical errors.
  • The researchers have been searching nonstop for the literature studies.
• Simple Present Passive Tense


  Used when something is done by someone regularly / everyday / as expected. Format: subject + auxiliary verb "to be" (am/is/are) + past participle of the main verb.
• Present Perfect Passive Tense


  Used when something has been done by someone at some time up to now. Format: Object + has/have + been + past participle (V3) + (by + subject)
• Present Perfect Passive Tense


  • Active: They have disseminated the survey

  Passive: The survey has been disseminated by them.

  Active: Thomas has written many research papers.

  Passive: Many research papers have been written by Thomas.
• Present Perfect Continuous Passive Tense


  The passive voice emphasizes the action being performed rather than the subject. Format: subject + has/have been + being + past participle of the main verb(V3) + by + agent (optional).
• Defining terms


  Extremely important in conversations, certain words have an accepted definition that is assumed based on the context