matters and mixtures

• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid


  • Particles arranged in fixed rows (lattice)
  • Strong forces of attraction between particles
  • Low particle energy (vibrating side-to-side)
• Liquid

  • Random arrangement of particles
  • Particles can flow and move freely
  • Moderate particle energy
• Gas


  • No fixed shape
  • Low forces of attraction between particles
  • High particle energy (completely free moving)
• Changes of state


  1. Melting (solid to liquid)

  2. Boiling (liquid to gas)

  3. Condensing (gas to liquid)

  4. Freezing (liquid to solid)

  5. Sublimation (solid to gas)

  6. Deposition (gas to solid)
• Pure substance

  Made up of one element or compound
• Mixture


  Multiple substances mixed together but not bonded
• Pure substances have a fixed melting and boiling point
• Mixtures/impure substances melt and boil over a range of temperatures
• Filtration


  Separates insoluble (doesn't dissolve) solid from a liquid in a mixture.
• Crystallization


  Separates soluble solid from liquid
• Chromatography


  Separates and identifies substances
• Mobile phase


  Substance that molecules can move in chromatography paper (eg. the solvent used). More soluble substances spend time in this phase and move faster up the paper.
• Stationary phase


  Substances or material that molecules can't move in (eg the paper). Less soluble substances spend time in this phase and move slower up the paper.
• Rf value


  Ratio of distance moved by substance to distance moved by solvent
• Simple distillation


  Separates mixtures of liquids with very different boiling points
• Fractional distillation


  Separates mixtures of liquids with similar boiling points
• Making water potable


  1. Sedimentation

  2. Filtration

  3. Chlorination
• Chlorine is used to remove pathogens and microorganisms from water
• Filtration process


  1. Pour the mixture at the top of the filter paper-lined funnel.
  2. Insoluble solids are too big to fit through the filter paper's hole and stay at the top.
  3. The liquid falls through the paper and into a flask where it is collected as the filtrate.
  4. It is now a pure liquid.
• Process of Crystallization


  1. Heat the mixture until the liquid evaporates, leaving the solids behind as crystals.
• Method for Chromatography


  1. Take a piece of filter paper and use a pencil to draw a line near the bottom (baseline)
  2. Add a sample of ink to the pencil line.
  3. Take a beaker and fill it with a shallow amount of solvents like water or ethanol.
  4. Place filter paper into the solvent, do not submerge the pencil line.
  5. Wait for the solvent to seep up the paper and as it does so, the different dyes that make up the ink will dissolve in the solvent and move up with it.
  6. Each of the different dyes will travel at different rates which separates them and tells us there are different substances.
• What does chromatography not work on?

  THIS DOES NOT WORK WITH INSOLUBLE CHEMICALS IN THE SOLVENT BECAUSE THEY CANNOT DISSOLVE AND MOVE UP, SO THEY STAY ON BASELINE.
• RF


  substance/solvent
• Simple distillation equipment


  Flask - contains solution or mixture to separate, sealed with a bung for no gas to escape.

  Thermometer - put through the bung to measure temp inside of the flask.

  Condenser - Consists of a main pipe surrounded by a water jacket containing a stream of continually flowing cold water with the water being fed into the water jacket at the bottom and coming out at the top.

  Beaker - beneath the condenser to capture pure liquid.

  Bunsen burner - heating device under the flask.

  
• Simple distillation


  Heat the mixture so that the desired liquid evaporates. As it rises up the flask, the pressure will force it down the condenser and since the water jacket pumps cold water, the vapour will cool and condense into liquid form collected by the beaker.
• Fractional Distillation method


  This is used to separate two or more liquids that are miscible with one another (e.g., ethanol and water from a mixture of the two)

  • The solution is heated to the temperature of the substance with the lowest boiling point
  • This substance will rise and evaporate first, and vapours will pass through a condenser, where they cool and condense, turning into a liquid that will be collected in a beaker
  • All of the substance is evaporated and collected in a beaker, leaving behind the other components(s) of the mixture
• Water and ethanol - FD

  • For water and ethanol
  • Ethanol has a boiling point of 78 ºC and water of 100 ºC
  • The mixture is heated until it reaches 78 ºC, at which point the ethanol boils and distills out of the mixture and condenses into the beaker
  • When the temperature starts to increase to 100 ºC heating should be stopped. Water and ethanol are now separated
• Potable water


  Safe to drink
• Sedimentation.


  the first stage of making water portable:

  1. When we leave the water and leave all large molecules to fall to the bottom to be easier to remove.
• Filtration


  the second stage of making water portable:

  1. Filter the water to remove smaller molecules, really small mud/debris particles.
• Chlorination


  the third and final stage of making water portable:

  1. Chlorine is put into the water to remove any pathogens and microorganisms that are too small to see.