Anatomy and Physiology

• fitness


  the ability to cope with the demands made during an individual day to day life
• Cardiac output

  The volume of blood pumped out from the heart's left ventricle in one minute, measured in litres

  cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
• stroke volume


  the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction

  measured in ml
• heart rate


  number of beats per minute
• bradycardia


  resting heart rate below 60bpm
• venous return


  the volume of blood returned to the hearts right atrium per min via the veins
• max heart rate


  220-age
• starlings law


  greater stretch of cardiac muscle leads to a greater force of contraction of the muscle.

  results in greater the ejection faction/stroke vol
• cardiac hypertrophy


  increased cardiac muscle mass
• cardiac conduction system


  a group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart tissue
• sinoatrial node


  pacemaker of the heart
• atrioventricular node


  where the impulse pauses in the cardiac conduction system
• sympathetic


  Part of the autonomic nervous system

  Fight or flight' - speeds up heart rate/respiratory rate and causes vasoconstriction of arterioles
• Parasympathetic


  Part of the autonomic nervous system

  Low and Slow

  slows down heart rate/respiratory rate
• Anticipatory Rise


  The increase in heart rate prior to exercise due to the release of adrenaline.
• Myogenic


  generated within heart muscle tissue (SAN)
• vascular shunting


  Blood can be redistributed so more or less is delivered to muscle vs organs
• Chemoreceptors


  Detect changes in chemicals eg CO2, lactic acid in blood
• medulla oblongata


  In the brain, where Cardiac control centre, respiratory control centre and vasomotor control centre are found
• tidal volume


  Amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs per normal breath

  
• inspiratory reserve volume


  maximum amount of air that can be forcebly inspired in addition to tidal volume

  
• expiratory reserve volume


  maximum amount of air that can be forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

  
• vital capacity


  Maximum volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

  
• residual volume


  Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration

  
• total lung capacity


  vital capacity + residual volume

  
• minute ventilation


  The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per min
• What is the Bohr shift?

  Exercise causes increase in CO2 acidity and temperature results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. More O2 is released from haemoglobin to diffuse into working muscle

  Graph shifts to the right.

  
• The order of neural/chemical control for increased inspiration during exercise is:

  Receptors - medulla oblongata - phrenic nerve - inspiratory muscles (diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes and pectoralis minor)
• The order of neural/chemical control for expiration during exercise is:

  Receptors - medulla oblongata - intercostal nerve - abdominals and internal intercostals
• A ball and socket


  a joint that allows movement in every direction
• A hinge joint


  a joint that that allows movement in only one direction
• sagittal plane


  A vertical plane that divides the body into a right and left half
• frontal plane


  a vertical plane dividing the body into the front and back.
• transverse plane


  a horizontal plane which divides the body into upper and lower halves
• agonist


  The muscle responsible for the movement that is occurring
• antagonist


  the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist
• Name the agonist & antagonist in elbow flexion

  agonist - Biceps

  antagonist - Triceps
• Name the agonist & antagonist in elbow extension

  agonist - Triceps

  antagonist - Biceps
• Name the agonist & antagonist in ankle plantar-flexion

  agonist - Gastrocnemius

  antagonist - Tibialis anterior
• Name the agonist & antagonist in ankle dorsi-flexion

  agonist - Tibialis anterior

  antagonist - Gastrocnemius