Enzymes

• Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction
• Enzymes: proteins that function as biological catalysts
• Enzymes lower the amount of energy needed for reaction to take place
• Lock and key theory

  
• Substrate: the molecule(s) before they are made to react
• Product: the molecule(s) that are made in a reaction
• Catabolic reaction: molecules are broken down
• Anabolic reaction: molecules are combined
• Enzymes have an optimum temperature: the temperature at which they work best giving the fastest reaction ≈ 37 °C in animals
• When temperature increases, molecules move faster so collide with an enzyme in less time
• Having more energy makes enzymes more likely to bind to active site.
• If temperature is too high, enzyme molecules vibrate too vigorously and enzyme is denatured; it loses its shape and will no longer bind with a substrate.
• When the temperature is too low there is not enough kinetic energy for the enzyme reaction so it reacts too slowly.
• Some enzymes work best in an acid and others in an alkaline
• Enzymes work best at their optimum pH
• If the pH is changed then the enzyme will denature and will no longer fit with substrate- no reaction takes place
• Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

  
• Effect of pH on enzyme activity

  
• Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for reaction to take place
• Why must corporate objectives be relevant?

  They should align with overall business strategy
• What do financial objectives focus on?

  Profit and growth
• If a company aims to increase revenue by 20%, what might it invest in?

  Marketing campaigns and sales teams
• Who are considered stakeholders in a business?

  Individuals or groups with business interest
• How can businesses align their corporate objectives with stakeholder expectations?

  By understanding and balancing all key interests
• What are considered internal limitations in a SWOT analysis?

  Weaknesses
• What are the expectations of suppliers in a business relationship?

  Reliable partnerships and prompt payments
• What does "SWOT" stand for?

  Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
• What is the purpose of a SWOT analysis?

  To analyze a business's position
• How do the "strengths" and "weaknesses" components of a SWOT analysis differ?

  Strengths are internal positive factors, while weaknesses are internal negative factors
• What are external challenges in a SWOT analysis?

  Threats
• What do customers expect from a business?

  High-quality products/services at reasonable prices
• What are ethical considerations in business?

  Aspects ensuring fairness and integrity
• What do investors expect from a business?

  Profits and return on investment
• What are the expectations of employees in a business?

  Fair wages, career opportunities, and a positive work environment
• How does combining SWOT analysis with stakeholder expectations benefit businesses?

  • Sets objectives that maximize strengths
  • Addresses weaknesses
  • Seizes opportunities
  • Mitigates threats
• What are the key questions asked when identifying weaknesses in a SWOT analysis?

  What abilities are we lacking? Where are we starting to struggle? How can we overcome these?