Value independence, each person working towards own goals.
Collectivist cultures
Value cooperation with each person working towards group goals.
Ethnographic field work
Immersion in the dailly lives of a particular community of people for an extended period of time to collect various types of data about that community.
Attempts to understand human cultures through the community + through analysis and interpretation as an Ethnographer.
Participants observation in ethnography
Observation of the daily life of the community + takes part in daily aspects of life of locals.
Informant reviews
Conducting multiple formal interviews with trusted community members over a period of time.
Can be quantitative but mostly qualitative.
Emic approach
An insiders perspective in research.
Self-recognition
Child realises other people are seperate from them.
Object permanence
Knowing an object still exists even if its hidden. It requires the ability to form a mental representation (schema) if an object.
Conservation
The ability to understand that quantity remains the same, even if appearance changes.
Symbolically thinking
The ability to make one thing e.g. word/object, stand for something other than itself
Animism
The beleif that non-living objects e.g. toys, have life and feelings like a person.
Abstract thinking
The ability to combine and classify items in a more sophisticated way + have the capacity for higher-order reasoning.
Chomsky LAD
A child's brain contains special language-learning mechanisms at birth.
Skinner's nativist theory
Children imitate adults, correct utterances are reinforced when they get what they want/ praised.
UNCRC
United nations convention on the rights of the child - human rights treaty setting out rights of children.
Longitudinal study
Researcher don't manipulate and variables or interfere with the environment - they observe the same group of subjects over a period of time.
Cross-sectional studies
A type of observational study that involves analysing information about a population at a specific point in time.
1 tailed hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis that states a direction the study may go in e.g. students with higher attendance will have significantly higher grades than students with low attendance.
2 tailed hypothesis
Is non-directional but will still predict an effect e.g. there will be a significant difference in grades of students with high attendance and students with low attendance.
Volunteer sampling
A sampling technique where participants self-select to become a pattern of a study.
Stratified sampling
Researcher divides the target group into sections, each representing a key characteristic that should be present in the final sample.
Opportunity sampling
A researcher selects participants based on their availability.