Developmental psychology

• Individualist culture


  Value independence, each person working towards own goals.
• Collectivist cultures


  Value cooperation with each person working towards group goals.
• Ethnographic field work


  Immersion in the dailly lives of a particular community of people for an extended period of time to collect various types of data about that community.

  Attempts to understand human cultures through the community + through analysis and interpretation as an Ethnographer.
• Participants observation in ethnography

  Observation of the daily life of the community + takes part in daily aspects of life of locals.
• Informant reviews


  Conducting multiple formal interviews with trusted community members over a period of time.

  Can be quantitative but mostly qualitative.
• Emic approach 


  An insiders perspective in research.
• Self-recognition


  Child realises other people are seperate from them.
• Object permanence


  Knowing an object still exists even if its hidden. It requires the ability to form a mental representation (schema) if an object.
• Conservation


  The ability to understand that quantity remains the same, even if appearance changes.
• Symbolically thinking


  The ability to make one thing e.g. word/object, stand for something other than itself
• Animism


  The beleif that non-living objects e.g. toys, have life and feelings like a person.
• Abstract thinking


  The ability to combine and classify items in a more sophisticated way + have the capacity for higher-order reasoning.
• Chomsky LAD


  A child's brain contains special language-learning mechanisms at birth.
• Skinner's nativist theory 


  Children imitate adults, correct utterances are reinforced when they get what they want/ praised.
• UNCRC


  United nations convention on the rights of the child - human rights treaty setting out rights of children.
• Longitudinal study


  Researcher don't manipulate and variables or interfere with the environment - they observe the same group of subjects over a period of time.
• Cross-sectional studies


  A type of observational study that involves analysing information about a population at a specific point in time.
• 1 tailed hypothesis 


  An alternative hypothesis that states a direction the study may go in e.g. students with higher attendance will have significantly higher grades than students with low attendance.
• 2 tailed hypothesis


  Is non-directional but will still predict an effect e.g. there will be a significant difference in grades of students with high attendance and students with low attendance.
• Volunteer sampling


  A sampling technique where participants self-select to become a pattern of a study.
• Stratified sampling


  Researcher divides the target group into sections, each representing a key characteristic that should be present in the final sample.
• Opportunity sampling


  A researcher selects participants based on their availability.