SUMMER A&P 1

• Anatomy-science of structure and the relationship among structures
• Physiology-science of body functions or how the body parts work
• Anatomy


  Science of structure and the relationship among structures
• Physiology


  Science of body functions or how the body parts work
• Metabolism


  All the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
• Responsiveness


  The body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal and external environment
• Movement


  Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and organelles inside cells
• Growth


  Increase in body size
• Differentiation


  A process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells
• Reproduction


  The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; production of a new individual
• Homeostasis


  The condition in which the body's internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits
• Feedback system


  Cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, monitored, reevaluated, and so on
• Controlled condition


  The condition being monitored by homeostasis
• Stimulus


  Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition
• Receptor


  A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends informed, called input, to a control center
• Control center


  In the body, for example, the brain sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
• Output


  Information, in the form of nervous impulses or chemical signals, that is relayed from the control center to an effector
• Effector


  A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition
• Negative feedback system


  Reverses a change in a controlled condition
• Positive feedback system


  Strengthens a change in a controlled condition
• Disorder


  Any abnormality of structure and/or function
• Disease


  A specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs
• Symptoms


  Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
• Signs


  Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
• Diagnosis


  Identification of a disease or disorder based on scientific evaluation of the patient's symptoms and signs, medical history, physical examination, and sometimes data from laboratory tests
• Aging


  A normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body's ability to restore homeostasis
• Anatomical directions


  • Superior (toward the head)
  • Inferior (toward the feet)
  • Anterior (nearer or at the front of the body)
  • Posterior (nearer or at the back of the body)
  • Medial (nearer to the midline of the body)
  • Lateral (farther from the midline of the body)
  • Proximal (nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk)
  • Distal (farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk)
  • Ipsilateral (on the same side of the body as another structure)
  • Contralateral (on the opposite side of the body from another structure)
  • Deep (away from the surface of the body)
  • Superficial (toward or on the surface of the body)