Biology

• Tendons


  Tough, non-elastic fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone
• Ligaments


  Tough, fibrous tissue that attaches bone to bone, allowing flexibility in a joint
• Joints are formed when bones come together, attached by ligaments to enable movement
• Function of the microscope

  1. Ocular/Eyepiece enlarges object 10x

  2. Tube fits the eyepiece, gives distance for light to move through it

  3. Revolving nosepiece can change objective lenses

  4. Objective lenses enlarge objects 5, 10, 40x

  5. Arm holds the pieces together

  6. Stage clips hold specimen in place

  7. Condenser & diaphragm regulate amount of light

  8. Stage holds microscope slides/specimen

  9. Coarse focus screw makes large focusing changes

  10. Fine focus screw makes small focusing changes

  11. Mirror/light bulb gives light
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and allows involuntary contraction.
• Apendicular skeleton


  • Allows the body to move, includes shoulder girdle with arms, pelvic girdle
• Types of muscles


  • Cardiac muscles for involuntary movement of the heart
  • Skeletal muscles for voluntary movement
  • Smooth muscles for involuntary movement of internal organs
• Cell membrane


  Cell structure that surrounds the cytoplasm
• Nucleus


  Cell structure that contains the cell's DNA
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where chemical reactions take place
• Antagonistic muscles


  • Muscles that work together in pairs, opposite each other, when one contracts the other relaxes
• Cartilage


  Tough fibrous tissue that covers the ends of bones, reduces friction between bones in a joint, contains proteins called collagen
• Eye functions


  • Vision, depth perception, color perception, adjustment to light, protection
• How the eye works

  Light enters, passes through layers, is refracted by cornea and lens, forming an image on the retina, rods and cones create pulses sent to the brain for interpretation
• Organ


  A structure composed of different types of tissues working together to perform a specific function
• Organ system


  A group of organs that work together to perform complex functions
• Examples of organ systems

  • Circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system
• Taxonomy


  The scientific classification system that organizes living organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships
• Organism


  Any individual living entity that carries out life processes independently
• Cell components


  • Organelles, nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm
• Eukaryotic cells


  Cells that have a nucleus
• Prokaryotic cells


  Cells that do not have a nucleus, like bacteria
• Types of tissues


  • Epithelial, nervous, connective
• Arthritis is inflammation of the joints, osteoarthritis is when cartilage between bones thins/wears
• Osteomalacia is softening and weakening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Forms body frame, anchors/supports muscles, protects vital organs, place to store fat and minerals, where blood cells are made
• Types of skeletons


  • Endoskeleton, exoskeleton, hydrostatic skeleton
• Neurons


  Cells that transmit electrical signals called impulses, playing a crucial role in processes like sensation, movement, cognition, and autonomic functions
• Functions of muscles


  • Movement, posture maintenance, heat production, assistance in blood circulation
• Functions of bones


  • Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production
• Antagonistic muscles


  Muscles that work together in pairs, enabling smooth and controlled movement around a joint
• Chloroplast


  Organelle responsible for photosynthesis, with a double membrane and thylakoids that help absorb sunlight
• Brain regions


  • Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
• Cerebellum functions


  • Coordinates voluntary movements, maintains posture and balance, fine motor control, motor learning, cognitive functions like attention and language
• Hypothalamus functions


  • Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, mood, hormone release
• Medulla oblongata functions


  • Regulates vital involuntary functions like heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, reflexes like coughing and swallowing
• Mitochondria


  Organelle responsible for cellular respiration, with an outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix
• Plant cell components


  • Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, chloroplast, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, cell sap
• Animal cell components


  • Cell membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nucleus, centrioles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria
• Difference between plant and animal cells

  Plant cells have a large vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall, while animal cells have little to no vacuole and no cell wall