English

• Direct speech


  Quotes the exact words used by the speaker
• Indirect/reported speech


  Gives the words of the speaker as reported by someone else
• Changing a sentence from direct to indirect/reported speech

  1. You do not use inverted commas in reported speech

  2. When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verbs in the quoted speech are also usually changed to a past tense
• Main verb changes


  • am, is -> was
  • ought to -> not charged
  • can't -> could
  • shall -> would
  • do, does -> did
  • is doing -> was doing
  • should -> would
  • did -> had done
• Pronouns are usually changed to those of the 3rd person
• Words expressing nearness changed to words expressing distance or remoteness


  • this -> that
  • these -> those
  • yesterday -> last night
  • here -> there
  • today -> that day
  • tonight -> that night
  • tomorrow -> the next (or the following day)
  • ago -> before
  • this week -> that week
  • now -> then
  • thus -> the previous day/the day before
  • previously -> the previous night/the night before
• Pronouns


  A type of word that replaces nouns in a sentence, making it easier to communicate
• 1st Person Pronouns


  I, me, my, mine
• 2nd Person Pronouns


  You, your, yours
• 3rd Person Pronouns


  He, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs
• Changing Pronouns to 3rd Person


  Used to describe someone or something else, not ourselves or the person we're addressing
• Exam Terminology


  • Account for...
  • Comment on...
  • Compare...
  • Contrast...
  • Describe...
  • Discuss
  • Evaluate
  • Explain...
  • Give an account of
  • Give the context of...
  • Illustrate...
  • Motivate...
  • Relate...
  • Summarise...
  • Tabulate...
  • Last...
  • Mention...
  • Name...
  • State...
  • Complete...
  • Distinguish...
  • Explain why.
• Account for...


  Give the reasons for or the meaning of...
• Comment on...


  Give an opinion based on the facts in order to explain...
• Compare...


  Point out both the similarities and the differences...
• Contrast...


  Point out the differences
• Describe...


  Say what occurs...
• Discuss


  Give the facts and evaluate them...
• Evaluate


  Assess the factual information in order to reach a conclusion
• Explain...


  Give the reasons for or the meaning of...
• Give an account of


  Tell the story of...
• Give the context of...


  Say who is speaking to whom, when, where, why and what the direct results are.
• Illustrate...


  Give examples by referring to action or words...
• Motivate...


  Give reasons for...
• Relate...


  Tell the story of what happens...
• Summarise...


  Give only the main points.
• Tabulate...


  Make a table or list of...
• Last...


  Do not use full sentences. Just write down the words, names etc.
• Mention...


  Write down...
• Name...


  Give the names of...
• State...


  Write down...
• Complete...


  Fill in the missing words or empty blocks...
• Distinguish


  Write down the differences between
• Explain why


  Give the reasons for...
• Direct speech


  Quotes the exact words used by the speaker
• Reported/indirect speech


  Gives the words of the speaker as reported by someone else
• Changing a sentence from direct to indirect/reported speech

  1. You do not use inverted commas in reported speech

  2. When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verbs in the quoted speech are also usually changed to a past tense

  3. Pronouns are usually changed to those of the 3rd person

  4. Words expressing nearness are usually changed to words expressing distance or remoteness