NSTP

• First aid


  Immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill, including self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed
• First aid does not imply medical treatment and is by no means a replacement of it
• Goals of first aid

  • Alleviate suffering
  • Prevent further injury or danger
  • Prolong life
• Roles of first aid

  • It is the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician
  • It is not intended to compete with, or take the place of the services of the physician
  • It ends when the service of the physician begins
• Objectives of first aid

  • Preserve life
  • Prevent further harm & complications
  • Seek immediate medical help
  • Provide reassurance
• Legal concerns in first aid(CCANDS)

  • Consent
  • Duty of Act
  • Standard of Care
  • Negligence
  • Abandonment
  • Confidentiality
• According to Article 275, par. 1&2 of Revised Penal Code, anyone who shall fail to render assistance to any person whom shall in an uninhabited place wounded or in danger of dying, when he can render such assistance without detriment to himself, unless such omission shall constitute a more serious offense, and anyone who shall fail to help or render assistance to another whom he has accidentally wounded or injured
• Characteristics of a good first aider

  • Gentle - no add pain
  • Resourceful - things at hand
  • Observant - notice signs. aware what happened
  • Tactful - utmost care and calm
  • Empathic - comforting
  • Respectable - professional and caring attitude
• Common transmittable diseases

  • Herpes
  • Meningitis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Hepatitis
  • Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Ways disease can be transmitted

  • Direct contact
  • Indirect contact
  • Airborne transmission
  • Bites
• Prevention and protection measures

  • Universal precautions
  • Body substance isolation (BSI)
  • Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Emergency action principles


  • Survey the scene
  • Do a primary survey of the victim
  • Activate medical assistance/transfer facility
  • Do a secondary survey of the victim
• Elements of scene size-up

  • Scene safety
  • Knowing what happened - cause and nature
  • Role of bystanders
  • Number of casualties
  • Asking permission or consent
• AVP: Primary Assessment

  A - Alert, V - Response to Voice, P - Response to Pain, U - Unresponsive/Unconscious
• Information to be remembered when activating medical help

  • What happened?
  • Location of emergency?
  • Number of person injured or ill?
  • Cause & extent of injury & nature of illness and first aid given?
  • Telephone number from where call is made?
  • Name of person who called medical help
• Call first or care first

  Call first are likely to be cardiac emergencies, where time is a critical factor. Care first situations are often related to breathing emergencies.
• call first, care first

  • Airways - Head tilt, chin lift
  • Breathing - Look, listen, feel
  • Circulation - Check pulse, look for bleeding, check for shock, assess skin color, temperature & moisture
• Secondary assessment steps


  • Interviewing the person and bystanders
  • Checking the person from head to toe
  • Checking for vital signs
• SAMPLE approach


  • S - Signs & Symptoms
  • A - Allergies
  • M - Medications
  • P - Pertinent past medical history
  • L - Last intake & output
  • E - Events leading up to injury or illness
• Conditions when CPR is needed

  • The victim is unconscious
  • Pulse is weak or no pulse
  • No breathing/difficulty in breathing
• Conditions when you do not perform CPR

  • There is a valid DNR order
  • There is an "obvious death"
  • The person has an LVAD (left ventricular assistance device)
  • The person is breathing correctly
  • The scene is unsafe
• Chest compressions


  A cycle is composed of 30 compressions at a rate of 80-100 per minute, followed by 2 rescue breaths
• CPR cycles


  • Cycle 1: 30 compressions, 2 rescue breaths
  • Cycle 2: 30 compressions, 2 rescue breaths
  • And so on until the 5th cycle, then reassess the victim
• Care of the victim after successful CPR

  • Transfer to a secured place
  • Place in a side lying position - recovery position
  • Wait for the emergency response unit and continuously monitor the victim
• Gun Safety Rules

  • Treat all guns as loaded
  • Keep your finger off the trigger unless you're ready to fire
  • Never let the muzzle of the gun point at anything or anyone you do not intend to shoot
  • Be sure of your target and what is around it
• PLACEMENT OF FEET AND BODY ALIGNMENT

  • Prone
  • Hawkins/Climbing the Ladder
  • Kneeling Unsupported and Modified Kneeling
  • Standing Firing Position
• Aiming


  Precise alignment of the rifle sights with the target

  
• Elements of Aiming

  • Front Sight
  • Rear Sight
  • Aiming point

  
• Phases of Aiming

  • Sight Alignment - Proper relationship of front sight and rear sight.
  • Sight Picture - Proper relationship of front sight and rear sight and aiming point

  
• Breath Control

  Control of breathing to help keep the rifle steady during firing

  
• FEEDING


  The forward movement of the bolt, stripping the top round from the magazine and moving it toward the chamber
• CHAMBERING


  Fully seating the round in the chamber
• LOCKING


  The counterclockwise rotation of the bolt, securing it into the barrel locking lug
• FIRING


  Pulling the trigger, releasing the hammer to strike the primer. The primer ignites and, in turn ignites the powder charge within the cartridge
• UNLOCKING


  The bolt cam pin follows the path of the cam track, causing the cam pin and bolt assembly to rotate simultaneously until the locking lugs of the bolt are no longer in line behind the locking lugs of the barrel extension
• EXTRACTING


  Pulling the round from the chamber
• EJECTING


  Removing the expended cartridge from the weapon out of the ejection port
• COCKING


  The rearward movement of the bolt riding over the hammer, resetting the weapon for subsequent firing
• Non firing Handgrip holds the Forward Vertical Grip naturally with a rearward pressure to the shoulder pocket
• Firing Handgrip


  grasps the pistol grip so it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger