PART 2

• Title Defense


  A process of convincing the panel of the reasons why your topic is worth researching
• You should know what to say in your title presentation and study the possible questions that your panelists might ask so that you can answer them well
• Being prepared and knowing your topic inside out will help you make a strong case for why your research is important and valuable
• In your presentation, include the information that you gathered based on your literature review
• Content of the Presentation for the Title Defense

  • Name and email address of the researcher/s
  • Research Topic
  • Themes or patterns emerging across past studies
  • Gaps or inconsistencies emerging across past studies
  • Recommendations for future research
  • Literature-based theoretical argument
  • Tentative research question
• GOAL: to create a strong qualitative research proposal to succeed in your proposal defense
• Research Question


  • Serves as a guide throughout your research process
  • It is meant to help you navigate the research process
  • Often, there is a research question because there is a gap in existing knowledge in a particular area
  • It is open-ended and exploratory. It doesn't make any assumptions
  • It is commonly used in qualitative research and in studies that aim to describe phenomena
• Characteristics of a Good Research Question

  • CLARITY - should be clear and obvious (easy to understand what your research is investigating)
  • RELEVANCE - should be connected to the existing body of knowledge in your field
  • SPECIFICITY - should be specific enough to keep your research focused and guided
  • FEASIBILITY - considering the constraints of your research, such as time, resources, and ethical considerations, your research question should still be possible to investigate
  • NOVELTY - should address a gap or need in the existing body of knowledge. Should contribute insights
  • INTEREST - should be interesting to you as a researcher and to target readers
• How to Formulate Research Questions

  1. Start with a general topic

  2. Review the literature

  3. Refine your topic

  4. Use the right question type

  5. Use clear and concise language

  6. Test your research question
• Examples of good qualitative research questions


  • How does the integration of artificial intelligence impacts student learning outcomes in Philippine private higher education?
  • How does overseas Filipino professionals process career change?
  • What is the lived experience of lung cancer survivors?
  • How does the use of technology in the classroom affect student engagement and learning outcomes?
  • How does financial attitude influence financial behavior?
• Choosing A Research Design

  • Blueprint of your research
  • It lays out the steps you will take to answer your research questions and achieve your research objectives
  • This helps you ensure that your study is done in a systematic and well-thought-out manner
• Your research design will depend on your research question, objectives, and the nature of your study's data
• A well-designed research design will help you ensure that your results are valid and reliable, which is essential to ensure that your research is credible and impactful
• It is important to control extraneous variables and ensure that the data you will collect is analyzed in a systematic manner
• What common qualitative research designs can I choose from?

  • Case Study Design
  • Ethnography Design
  • Grounded Theory Design
  • Phenomenology Design
• Case Study Design


  • Research Question: How does social media affect the mental health of teenagers with anxiety disorders?
• Ethnography Design


  • Research Question: What are the cultural practices and beliefs related to childbirth in a rural village in a developing country?
• Grounded Theory Design


  • Research Question: What are the coping strategies of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?
• Phenomenology Design


  • Research Question: What is the lived experience of individuals with visual impairment in navigating urban environments?
• What are the common mistakes I need to avoid?

  • Choosing an inappropriate research design
  • Failing to consider the context and setting of the research
  • Failing to control extraneous variables
  • Using a convenience sample
  • Failing to consider ethical considerations
• Sampling


  • The process of choosing individuals or objects from a larger group, with the goal of studying or making inferences about the entire population
  • The objective of sampling is to obtain a representative sample that mirrors the characteristics of the population concerning variables like age, gender, income, education, etc.
• The choice of a sampling method depends on various factors such as the research question, size, and diversity of the population, available resources, and the level of precision and confidence desired for the research
• Sampling bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population due to factors like non-response, self-selection, or sampling error. This can lead to inaccurate or misleading results, so it should be minimized or avoided
• Types of Sampling Methods in Qualitative Research

  • Purposive Sampling
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
  • Theoretical Sampling
  • Stratified Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
• Probability Sampling


  • Random Sampling
  • Systematic Random Sampling
  • Stratified Sampling
  • Simple Cluster Sampling
  • Strip Sampling
  • Multi-stage Sampling
• Non-Probability Sampling


  • Judgment Sampling
  • Quota Sampling
  • Accidental Sampling