PART 3

• Factors Affecting Sample Size

  • Homogeneity
  • Size of population
  • Cost
  • Precision
• Consideration in the Sampling Process

  1. Research Question

  2. Sampling Frame

  3. Sample Size

  4. Characteristics of your Population

  5. Ethical and Practical issues

  6. Pilot test
• Avoiding sampling biases


  • Clearly define your research question and the group of people you are studying
  • Use an appropriate sampling technique that aligns with your research question and target population
  • Aim for diversity and representation in your sample
  • Avoid self-selection bias
  • Minimize non-response bias
  • Monitor and document your sampling process to ensure that everything is carried out according to your sampling plan
  • Analyze and report any potential sampling biases in your study
• Questionnaire


  Set of questions, arranged in sequence and designed to be self-administered
• Characteristics of a "GOOD" Questionnaire

  • Deals with a significant topic that the respondent will recognized as important enough to warrant spending his time on
  • Seeks only the information that cannot be obtained from other sources
  • Only long enough to get essential data
  • Attractive, neat and clean
  • All directions must clear and complete
  • Questions should be as objective as possible, avoiding leading suggestions as to the responses desired
  • Questions must be presented in good psychological order from general to specific responses
  • The questionnaire format should be so constructed such that data will be easily tabulated and interpreted
• Information Obtained from Questionnaires

  • Attitude
  • Belief
  • Behavior
  • Attribute
• Open Ended


  Answer choices are not provided
• Close-Ended With Ordered Choices


  Answer choices are provided
• Partially Close-Ended


  Questions that provides compromise: answer options are provided but the respondent is also given opportunity to create his own response to the question
• The Interview Schedule


  • Personal Interviews usually yield much better information on the sample of the population compared to questionnaires
  • The interview is more flexible
  • The interviewer not only listens to what the respondent is saying, but also observes how he says it
  • The interview is more appropriate in revealing information about complex, emotionally laden topics through probe questions
• Practical Approach to Preparing Questions

  1. List down your research objectives

  2. For each objective, list the corresponding hypotheses you intent to test toward achieving the objective

  3. For each hypothesis, list down possible questions you will need to ask in order that you can test the hypothesis
• Advantage of Matrix System

  • Time Saving
  • Helps understand clearly
  • Enables to pinpoint at once
  • Helps organize your questionnaire or interview schedule
• Interviewing


  • Normally conducted in face-to-face situation, although it can also be done by telephone
  • It is important to establish the "rhythm of the interview"
• Skills in Interviewing


  • Listening
  • Observing
  • Questioning
  • Recapitulating/Summarizing
  • Note Taking
• 3 ways of Approaching the Definition of Reliability

  • Defining Reliability in terms of Stability, Dependability, and Predictability
  • Defining Reliability in terms of stability and accuracy
  • Defining Reliability in terms of the absence of errors in measurement in a measuring instrument
• 2 Different Aspects of Reliability


  • Consistency of observations for a single observer
  • Consistency of observations among several observer arrives at similar results from a series of observations using the same instrument
• Measuring the Reliability of your Instrument

  • Multiple form Method
  • Split-half method
  • Test-retest method
• Factors Affecting the Internal Validity

  • Present and Past events
  • Maturation Process
  • Pre-testing procedures
  • Measuring Instruments
  • Fatigue, Carelessness, Cheating
  • Statistical regression
  • Differential selection of people
  • Experimental mortality
  • Interaction Effects
• Issues About External Validity

  • Interaction effects of selection of independent variables
  • Interactive (or reactive) effects of pre-testing
  • Reactive effects of experimental procedures
  • Multiple treatment interference
• What makes a good research proposal?

  • Testimonies from stakeholders show that the research seeks to solve an issue
  • The research's foundation is a gap in the literature, which is highlighted in the introduction
  • The authors of the scientific studies mentioned in the text are listed in the reference section
  • The study's goals are precise and well-stated
  • Science provides evidence to support the creation of the hypothesis
  • The study design is defined and covered in detail
  • Both the sample population and selection are precise
  • Measures of the validity and reliability of the study's instruments are available
  • The study follows all ethical guidelines
  • New information in the field is anticipated to result from the investigation
  • Techniques for quality control were used, such as technology testing and editing
  • The digital audio and video display is clear and well-made
  • The quantification and qualifying of the data are evident
  • A Gantt Chart that depicts a precise timeline for the research process is used to display it
  • The budget is feasible and realistic
• Content of the Presentation - Proposal Defense


  • Title of the Study, Name, Degree Program/Course/Strand
  • Introduction (laying out a strong rationale for the study)
  • Problem Statement link to the Gap in Literature
  • Possible Theoretical and/or Practical Contribution
  • Research Question/Hypothesis/Objective
  • Methodology - Design, Environment, Subjects/Participants, Instruments, Data Gathering Procedure, Data Analysis Procedure
  • References
  • Tools

  
• Expected questions during the proposal defense

  • What is the research issue you are trying to solve, and why is it crucial?
  • What is the purpose of your study, and how does it address the issue at hand?
  • What is your thesis statement or hypothesis, and how will you test it?
  • What is the methodology, data gathering methods, and analytic procedures for your research?
  • What are your study's limits, and how will you overcome them?
  • What potential ethical issues could arise from your research, and how will you deal with them?
  • What are the anticipated results of your study and how will they advance your field?
  • What may your research's ramifications be, and how might they affect stakeholders?
  • What were your literature review's main conclusions and contributions?
  • What are the advantages and disadvantages of the research you suggest, and how will you handle them?
• How to ace your presentation and defense?

  • Start with a clear and concise introduction
  • Define your research problem
  • Describe your research objectives and questions
  • Explain your research methodology
  • Discuss your expected results and implications
  • Use visuals and examples
  • Practice your presentation
  • Anticipate possible questions
• Preliminary Pages


  • Title Page
  • Approval Sheet
  • Acknowledgement
  • Abstract
  • Table of Contents
  • List of Tables
  • List of Figure
  • List of Graphs
• Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting

  • Rationale of the Study
  • Research Question: The Central Question
  • Sub-questions
  • Theoretical Lens
  • Significance of the Study
  • Scope and Limitations
  • Definition of Terms

  
• Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature


  • Introductory Statement
  • Context of the Study
  • Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies
• Chapter 3: Research Methodology

  • Research Design
  • Research Locale
  • Informants & Sampling Technique
  • Ethical Standards
  • Data Gathering Procedure
  • Data Analysis Procedure
• Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

  • Description of the Participants
  • Presentation of the Findings
  • Interpretation of the Findings
  • Connections to the Research Questions
  • Comparison with Previous Research
  • Theoretical Implications
  • Practical Implications
  • Limitations of the Study

  
• Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

  • Summary of the Study
  • Contributions to the Field
  • Implications for Practice
  • Final Thoughts
• Bibliography


  • List of all sources cited in the paper. Use the appropriate citation style.
• Appendices


  • Letter of Approval
  • Instrument with Informed Consent
  • Curriculum Vitae
  • Narrative and Photo Documentation
  • Additional data tables, charts, and graphs
  • Plagiarism Report
  • Certificate of Language Editing
• Chapters


  • Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting
  • Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
  • Chapter 3: Research Methodology
  • Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
  • Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
• Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting

  • Rationale of the Study
  • Research Questions: The Central Question
  • Sub-questions
  • Theoretical Lens
  • Significance of the Study
  • Scope and Limitations
  • Definition of Terms

  
• Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature


  • Introductory Statement
  • Context of the Study
  • Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies
• Chapter 3: Research Methodology

  • Research Design
  • Research Locale
  • Informants & Sampling Technique
  • Ethical Standards
  • Data Gathering Procedure
  • Data Analysis Procedure
• Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

  • Description of the Participants
  • Presentation of the Findings
  • Interpretation of the Findings
  • Connections to the Research Questions
  • Comparison with Previous Research
  • Theoretical Implications
  • Practical Implications
  • Limitations of the Study

  
• Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

  • Summary of the Study
  • Contributions to the Field
  • Implications for Practice
  • Final Thoughts
• Other Elements


  • Bibliography
  • Appendices
• Research Design


  Plan, Structure, and strategy of the investigation
• Four Basic Survey Designs

  • Cross-sectional Survey
  • Longitudinal Survey
  • Contextual Study
  • Sociometric Study