FINALS - EDUC 70

• Behavioral Learning Theory


  states that all learning is based on experience.
• 1.Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

  2.Thorndike’s Connectionism

  3.Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

  4.Neo-Behaviorism

  5.Managing Surface Behaviors

  Behavioral Learning Theories
• IVAN PAVLOV


  • 1849-1936 • a Russian psychologist • Father of Classical Conditioning
• Classical conditioning, also called Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning, is learning through association.
• Neutral Stimulus


  A stimulus is something that triggers a physical or behavioral change. A neutral stimulus produces no response/doesn't affect the subject.
• Unconditioned stimulus


  This is what leads to an automatic response.
• Unconditioned response


  A normal process, like salivating when you smell food, is an unconditioned response.
• Conditioned stimulus


  This is when a formerly neutral stimulus, mimics an unconditioned response.
• Conditioned response


  The learned behavior, such as relating the bell to food, is called a conditioned response.
• Pavlov’s dog experiment


  In the 1890s, Pavlov was experimenting with dogs, ringing a bell whenever they were fed
• Neutral Stimulus - bell ringing

  Unconditioned Response - salivate

  Conditioned Response - salivate when the bell is ringing
• Before During After Conditioning

  three stages in classical conditioning
• Before conditioning.


  Something in the environment triggers a natural response in the subject. During this stage, no new behavior has been learned yet.
• Neutral Stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

  before
• Conditioned Stimulus


  After
• During conditioning. 


  This is the stage in which the subject starts to associate the neutral stimulus with the positive stimulus that caused the response during the first stage.
• After conditioning.


  During the final stage of conditioning, the subject firmly associates the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response. This creates a new behavior, or what's known as the conditioned response.
• Acquisition

  Extinction

  Spontaneous recovery

  Generalization

  Discrimination


  five elements of classical conditioning
• Acquisition


  The point at which the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus become linked. In other words, the dog learns to relate the sound of the bell with food.
• Extinction


  Extinction breaks the conditioned bonds between the stimuli. If the dog no longer sees food after hearing the bell, it will gradually stop associating the bell with food.
• Spontaneous recovery


  If, after extinction, the conditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus again appear in relationship to one another, the conditioned response will return.
• Generalization


  A conditioned response may be produced with stimuli that are similar but not the same. For example, if Pavlov's dogs heard a bell that rang at a lower pitch and still salivated.
• Discrimination


  the ability to understand that two or more stimuli are different from one another. In Pavlov's experiment, he later introduced the dogs to two bell sounds. Food appeared only after one. The dogs soon learned the difference.
• Little Albert Experiment


  developed by psychologists John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner Iin 1920, who first applied Pavlov's classical conditioning principles to human behavior
• 9-month old- white rabbit and hammer/iron bar= fear
• 11-month old- white rabbit and hammer/pipe= fear
• CONNECTIONISM THEORY by EDWARD THORNDIKE


  American psychologist that lived from 1874-1949 • founder of Connectionism Theory
• • Connectionism is a key theory in cognitive science and psychology. • It suggests that creatures learn by forming connections between stimuli and responses through trial and error.

  explained that learning resulted from S-R bond formation
• S- stimuli R-rewarding or satisfactory responses
• HORNDIKE’S THEORY OF CONNECTIONISM EXPERIMENT

  emerged from an experiment where a cat was placed in a puzzle box with food outside
• INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING


  The cat is required to operate a release mechanism inside the box through trial and error, the cat eventually succeeded.

  The cat learned to associate its actions with desirable outcomes, reducing random movements in subsequent attempts and focusing on the specific action needed for escape.
• Three Primary Laws of Connectionism

  1. Law of Readiness:
  2. Law of Exercise:
  3. Law of Effect
• 1. Law of Readiness:


  THIS LAW EMPHASIZES THE DESIRE/ZEAL OF AN ORGANISM TO PERFORM AN ACTION. “Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to learn, and do not learn well if they see no reason for learning”.
• 3. Law of Effect:


  This refers to the consequence which an animal obtains for an action performed. It is the outcome of a respons
• Skinner’s Operant Conditioning (B.F SKINNER)


  904-1990 • an American psychologist known for his impact on behaviorism • most influential psychologist of the 20th century
• Operant Conditioning


  a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior. • It is learning through reinforcement (reward) and punishment.

  The factor controlling an organisms’ behaviour was the consequence of that behaviour.
• Skinner box


  also known as an operant conditioning chamber, is a device used to objectively record an animal’s behavior in a compressed time frame.
• three types of responses that followed behavior

  Neutral Responses

  Reinforcement

  Punishment
• Neutral Responses


  They are responses from the environment that produce no stimulus other than focusing attention. They neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated.
• Reinforcement


  They are responses from the environment that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. They can either be positive or negative.