lesson 7 8

• Erikson's psychosocial theory


  Theory that personality develops gradually in a series of 8 stages, each with a psychological conflict or crisis that must be resolved
• Erikson


  • German-born American psychoanalyst, psychologist, professor, and author
  • Believed personality develops gradually in a series of stages, unlike Freud who focused on early childhood
• Ego identity


  The conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction
• Sense of competence


  Motivates behaviors and actions
• Erikson's 8 stages of development


  1. Trust vs. Mistrust

  2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

  3. Initiative vs. Guilt

  4. Industry vs. Inferiority

  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

  8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
• Freud's psychosexual theory


  Theory that seeks to explain the emergence of adult personality and behavior from childhood experiences and the interaction of the id, ego, and superego
• Freud


  • Austrian neurologist and the founding father of psychoanalysis
• Id


  Impulsive and unconscious part of the psyche that responds directly and immediately to basic urges, needs, and desires
• Ego


  Part of the conscious personality, what the person is aware of when they think about themselves
• Freud's 5 psychosexual stages

  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
• Fixation


  When one's desire is tied to an object of desire connected to an earlier phase in one's psychosexual development
• Oral stage


  1. Erogenous zone: mouth

  2. Major development task: weaning

  3. Fixation: nail biting, smoking, overeating
• Anal stage


  1. Erogenous zone: anus

  2. Major development task: toilet training

  3. Fixation: parsimoniousness, orderliness, obstinacy
• Phallic stage


  1. Erogenous zone: genitals

  2. Major development task: Oedipus complex (boys), Electra complex (girls)
• Freud's Psychosexual Theory - LATENCY STAGE (6 Years To Puberty)


  1. Libido is in latent period. The focus shifts to other pursuits such as education, social relationships, and other skills necessary for successful adult life

  2. Erogenous Zone – No specific area

  3. Major Development Task (Potential Source of Conflict) – Development of Defense Mechanism

  4. Fixation – difficulty expressing emotions or forming healthy relationships
• Freud's Psychosexual Theory - GENITAL STAGE (Puberty to Adult)

  1. The libido re-emerges after its latent period and is directed towards peers of the other sex, marking the onset of mature adult sexuality

  2. Individuals start to become sexually mature and begin to explore their sexual feelings and desires more maturely and responsibly

  3. Erogenous Zone – Genitals

  4. Major Development Task (Potential Source of Conflict) – Mature sexual intimacy

  5. Fixation – Adults who have sincere interest in others and mature sexuality

  6. If individuals have unresolved conflicts or issues during this stage, it can lead to problems such as sexual dysfunction, difficulties forming healthy relationships, or other emotional problems
• Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory


  An American psychologist and educator known for his theory of moral development
• Moral Development


  Refers to changes in moral beliefs as a person grows older and gains maturity
• Level 1. Preconventional Morality


  • Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment) - "I would cheat if I knew I wouldn't get caught"
  • Stage 2 (Mutual Benefit) - "I'll let you copy mine if you do my homework."
• Level 2. Conventional Morality


  • Is the second stage of moral development and is characterized by an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong
  • This period also focuses on the acceptance of authority and conforming to the norms of the group
  • Stage 3 (Social Approval) - "I'm not going to tell because I want her to like me."
  • Stage 4 (Law and Order) - "You can't do that because the teacher said no."
• Level 3. Postconventional Morality


  • At this level of moral development, people develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality
  • Stage 5 (Social Contract ) - "In this case, the rule may be wrong."
  • Stage 6 (Universal Principles) - "You shouldn't lie because it violates the Golden Rule."
• Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

  • Verbal-linguistic intelligence
  • Logical-mathematical intelligence
  • Spatial-visual intelligence
  • Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
  • Musical intelligence
  • Interpersonal intelligence
  • Intrapersonal intelligence
  • Naturalist intelligence
  • Existential intelligence
• Gardner (2013) asserts that regardless of which subject you teach—"the arts, the sciences, history, or math"—you should present learning materials in multiple ways.
• 6 learning styles


  • Visual learning
  • Group learning
  • Kinesthetic learning
  • Individual learning
  • Tactile learning
  • Auditory learning