Population

• Crude BR 


  number of live births per 1000 of population per year
• Crude DR


  number of live deaths per 1000 of population per year
• What are the 3 factors of the DMT?

  BR,DR and Total Population
• Why are BR high in stages 1 and 2 (4)

  1. Infant Morality Rate 2. Children are an economic asset 3. Contraception/Family Planning 4. Traditional Role of Women
• Why are BR low in stages 3 and 4 (4)

  1. Infant Morality Rates 2. Children are an economic burden (200,000 to raise) 3. Family Planning and Contraception is increasingly available 4. More Educational and Career opportunities for women
• Why are DR high in stage 1 (4)

  1. Dirty drinking water/Poor sanitation 2.Limited Healthcare 3. No Vaccinations for diseases like smallpox and whopping cough 4.Poor food supply
• Why is DR low in stages 3 and 4 (4)

  1. Clean Drinking Water/Proper sanitation-less cholera and typhoid victims 2. More hospitals/medicines and more doctors/nurses 3.Vaccinations for smallpox, rotavirus, polio and measles 4. More food/Improved diet
• Population Structure 


  way population is made up in terms of age groups and gender
• Young Dependents 


  Relies on parents/government for support 0-14 years old
• Economically Active

  Work and pays taxes to support the population 15-64
• Aged Dependents 


  Rely on the Government for support. 65+
• MEDC Population Pyramid

  1. Narrow Base 2. Gentle Sides 3. Bars equal until older age groups
• LEDC Population Pyramid

  1. Wide Base 2. Decreasing Sides 3. Tapers off to a sharp point
• Dependency Ratio 


  Proportion of people in a country that are dependent on other people in that country for support
• how is the dependency ratio calculated

  no. of the dependent population times the active population divided by 100
• MEDCs avg dependency ratio

  Between 50 and 75
• LEDCs avg dependency ratio

  >100 due to high BRs
• Social Impact of Aged Dependency on the family

  Grandparents can help with childcare but there is pressure on the family to look after elderly grandparents with diseases like dementia
• Social Impact of Aged Dependency on poor service provision

  Schools may have to close and there will be reduced numbers available to work in the army and health service
• Economic Impact of Aged Dependency on the family

  Care for the elderly is expensive (1.6 billion per year in UK). Workers may need to pay more in taxes to cover the rising cost of prescriptions, hip replacements etc.
• Economic Impact of Aged Dependency with pensions

  State Pensions introduced in 1950s. People in MEDCs now experience 10-20 years of retirement. The financial burden rose dramatically and now people are encouraged to work beyond 65 and enroll in private pension schemes. Free TV licenses and a winter fuel allowance also add to the financial burden
• Social Impact of Youth Dependency on education

  needs large amounts of money in education. LEDCs stuggle with this so many young people cannot read/write which means unemployment
• Social Impact of Youth Dependency on Health/Housing/Food

  Not enough money to invest. Many people will be forced to live in shanty towns or slums
• Economic Impact of Youth Dependency on cost of service provision

  -school/paediatric healthcare for the growing population places an enormous financial strain on Governments in LEDCs. Children must pay for their education and teachers are paid minimum wage.
• Economic Impact of Youth Dependency on informal employment

  Many in Shanty towns/slums are forced to work in unsafe, unregulated and lowly paid jobs
• 4 Push Factors

  1. Drought/Famine 2. War 3. High unemployment and Poor Wages 4.Natural Disasters
• 4 Pull Factors

  1. Good Job Opportunities and higher wages 2. Freedom and Peace 3. Better services like health and education 4.Family Connections
• How are Visas a human barrier to Migration

  used by governments to monitor the number of people entering the country. Failure to secure a visa prevents travel
• How are Passports a human barrier to Migration

  official documents which allow people to cross international borders. Without one travel is restricted
• How are Walls and border police a human barrier to Migration

  Some governments construct physical barriers to prevent people from accessing the country
• How is money a human barrier to Migration

  Some countries like Australia/Canada require a significant amount of money in a bank before entry
• How are seas a physical barrier to Migration

  Some migrants have to cross large seas in order to reach their destination (e.g. asylum seekers crossing the Mediterranean Sea)
• How are rivers a physical barrier to Migration


  Migrants attempt to enter the USA from Mexico by crossing the Rio Grande River. 1000s have lost their lives doing so
• Asylum Seekers


  someone who crosses a border to another country as they are fleeing from war, drought or famine. Once there they can apply for refugee status in that country but until that is granted they are not protected
• Refugees


  Someone forced to leave their home country and granted refugee status so they are protected from being sent back to their country of origin and can work in their destination
• Economic Migrants


  Voluntarily leave for better opportunities economically