number of live births per 1000 of population per year
Crude DR
number of live deaths per 1000 of population per year
What are the 3 factors of the DMT?
BR,DR and Total Population
Why are BR high in stages 1 and 2 (4)
Infant Morality Rate 2. Children are an economic asset 3. Contraception/Family Planning 4. Traditional Role of Women
Why are BR low in stages 3 and 4 (4)
Infant Morality Rates 2. Children are an economic burden (200,000 to raise) 3. Family Planning and Contraception is increasingly available 4. More Educational and Career opportunities for women
Why are DR high in stage 1 (4)
Dirty drinking water/Poor sanitation 2.Limited Healthcare 3. No Vaccinations for diseases like smallpox and whopping cough 4.Poor food supply
Why is DR low in stages 3 and 4 (4)
Clean Drinking Water/Proper sanitation-less cholera and typhoid victims 2. More hospitals/medicines and more doctors/nurses 3.Vaccinations for smallpox, rotavirus, polio and measles 4. More food/Improved diet
Population Structure
way population is made up in terms of age groups and gender
Young Dependents
Relies on parents/government for support 0-14 years old
Economically Active
Work and pays taxes to support the population 15-64
Aged Dependents
Rely on the Government for support. 65+
MEDC Population Pyramid
Narrow Base 2. Gentle Sides 3. Bars equal until older age groups
LEDC Population Pyramid
Wide Base 2. Decreasing Sides 3. Tapers off to a sharp point
Dependency Ratio
Proportion of people in a country that are dependent on other people in that country for support
how is the dependency ratio calculated
no. of the dependent population times the active population divided by 100
MEDCs avg dependency ratio
Between 50 and 75
LEDCs avg dependency ratio
>100 due to high BRs
Social Impact of Aged Dependency on the family
Grandparents can help with childcare but there is pressure on the family to look after elderly grandparents with diseases like dementia
Social Impact of Aged Dependency on poor service provision
Schools may have to close and there will be reduced numbers available to work in the army and health service
Economic Impact of Aged Dependency on the family
Care for the elderly is expensive (1.6 billion per year in UK). Workers may need to pay more in taxes to cover the rising cost of prescriptions, hip replacements etc.
Economic Impact of Aged Dependency with pensions
State Pensions introduced in 1950s. People in MEDCs now experience 10-20 years of retirement. The financial burden rose dramatically and now people are encouraged to work beyond 65 and enroll in private pension schemes. Free TV licenses and a winter fuel allowance also add to the financial burden
Social Impact of Youth Dependency on education
needs large amounts of money in education. LEDCs stuggle with this so many young people cannot read/write which means unemployment
Social Impact of Youth Dependency on Health/Housing/Food
Not enough money to invest. Many people will be forced to live in shanty towns or slums
Economic Impact of Youth Dependency on cost of service provision
-school/paediatric healthcare for the growing population places an enormous financial strain on Governments in LEDCs. Children must pay for their education and teachers are paid minimum wage.
Economic Impact of Youth Dependency on informal employment
Many in Shanty towns/slums are forced to work in unsafe, unregulated and lowly paid jobs
4 Push Factors
Drought/Famine 2. War 3. High unemployment and Poor Wages 4.Natural Disasters
4 Pull Factors
Good Job Opportunities and higher wages 2. Freedom and Peace 3. Better services like health and education 4.Family Connections
How are Visas a human barrier to Migration
used by governments to monitor the number of people entering the country. Failure to secure a visa prevents travel
How are Passports a human barrier to Migration
official documents which allow people to cross international borders. Without one travel is restricted
How are Walls and border police a human barrier to Migration
Some governments construct physical barriers to prevent people from accessing the country
How is money a human barrier to Migration
Some countries like Australia/Canada require a significant amount of money in a bank before entry
How are seas a physical barrier to Migration
Some migrants have to cross large seas in order to reach their destination (e.g. asylum seekers crossing the Mediterranean Sea)
How are rivers a physical barrier to Migration
Migrants attempt to enter the USA from Mexico by crossing the Rio Grande River. 1000s have lost their lives doing so
Asylum Seekers
someone who crosses a border to another country as they are fleeing from war, drought or famine. Once there they can apply for refugee status in that country but until that is granted they are not protected
Refugees
Someone forced to leave their home country and granted refugee status so they are protected from being sent back to their country of origin and can work in their destination
Economic Migrants
Voluntarily leave for better opportunities economically