Changing Urban Areas

• Settlement 


  A place where people live and establish a community
• Land Use Zones


  These are areas of a settlement with the same function e.g-residential, commercial
• 4 Urban Areas

  1. CBD 2. Inner City 3. Suburbs 4. Rural-Urban Fringe
• Poor Quality Housing


  -Much of this housing was built during the 19th and early 20th century -There were a few cars on the road, so there are no garages/parking spaces -Bathrooms would not have been installed in the original house -The houses have since fallen into disrepair (No cavity wall insulation, roofs that need replaced/repaired, electrical wiring that needs to be replaced, draughty and difficult to heat)
• What is gentrification?


  Wealthy residents move into deprived areas in the inner city and modernise the housing/area -As a result, the socio-economic status of the area changes and former residents feel pushed out
• Advantages of gentrification?

  -improved and modernized appearance -Formerly abandoned properties rejuvenated so more housing available -Improved housing and new jobs attracts an aspirational class with increased disposable income-supports local businesses -New business move into the area
• Disadvantages of Gentrification

  • residents can no longer afford increased rent (300% in parts of Liverpool) -"yuppies out" and "social cleansing" highlights resentment -Local businesses may be priced out of the area and replaced by larger chain stores -OG residents lack the skills to access new jobs
• Location of CBD


  At the centre city where the main shops/offices are found making it the center of commerce/entertainment
• Characteristics of CBD 


  -Tall Buildings -Accessible with main routes converging -Cultural and Historical buildings -Very little open/clean space
• Explanation of Characteristics of CBD

  -Limited open space meaning value and competition -Most jobs are there, more commuting means well-developed infrastructure needed -Older, historical buildings are often found in CBD as it is the first part of a settlement typically -High competition for space so even small plots of land are bought by developers
• Description and Explanations of Residential Inner City

  High-Density back-to-back rows of terraced housing. Housing supplied a large workforce for nearby industries. Many workers could not drive so needed to live near factories
• Description and Explanations of Old Industrial Inner City

  Traditional Industries (Many of which are now closed) are located close to CBD, a workforce, roads and railways
• Description of characteristics of Suburbs

  Larger detached and semi-detached homes with gardens and more open space.
• Explanations of Suburbs 


  Private car ownership increased and infrastructure improved. Workers no longer needed to live close to their place of work, so they relocated to the suburbs and commuted to work. Cheaper land values meant that larger homes with gardens and garages were built
• Characteristics of Rural-Urban Fringe

  -Mixed land use -Modern Industrial Parks -Open Countryside
• Explanations of Rural-Urban Fringe

  -Recycling centres, airports, large hospitals etc. there is more space and cheaper land values -Space for expansion and cheaper land values than the CBD/Inner City. Transport networks have also improved -Open countryside (usually poor quality). As urban areas grow in size, these urban areas are lost to urban sprawl
• Why is congestion an issue?

  -Narrow Streets -No Garages/Driveways -Only street parking available -People park there to avoid high costs in CBD
• Air Quality due to congestion

  -Nitrogen Dioxide emitted by diesel engines is linked to asthma and lung cancer -LE in London is cut by 16 months because of air pollution -Some cities are trying to ban diesel cars from the city and charge congestion fees
• Journey Time due to Congestion

  -London adds 1.4 minutes for every KM of the journey -Drivers in London spend 83 hours per year in traffic -Congestion in London costs the economy at least 4 billion per year due to lost working hours and delays
• Why is public transport a problem?

  est. 940,000 people living in poverty in the inncer city of London-these people are reliant on public transport
• Cost of public transport

  -Single journey to London underground costs £6 -Monthly travel cards in London cost between £147.50 and £270
• Efficiency of public transport

  -If you work during the night, public transport options are limited -Night buses share a small number of areas -Congestion work in the inner city mean buses are becoming slower and less frequent
• Cost of Parking


  -Due to limited space and efforts to curb pollution. Avg hourly parking rate in London is £8.44 -In London a resident only parking permit can be as high as £141 -More polluting vehicles such as diesel vehicles are charged higher rates to park in London
• Availability of Parking 


  -No driveways/garages so residents park on the street. Locals may have to park far from home due to limited space -Many of those who work in the CBD park in the inner city (avoiding high costs). This reduces parking availability. London has introduced resident-only parking -Drivers may be forced to circle the area looking for space. This adds to congestion and pollution issues
• Hate Crimes-Different Cultures bring ethnic tensions

  -increase in racially motivated hate crimes -More than 100 Roma people left Belfast in 2009, out of a population of 200 after hate crimes -Poland flags burnt in a 2009 match between NI and Poland. Lead to 30000 Polish population feeling angry
• New traditions-Different Cultures bring ethnic tensions 


  Notting Hill Carnival in London-New culture enriches -Many do not appreciate as 200 arrests made in 2018 Bank Holiday August
• Language Barriers-Different Cultures bring ethnic tensions 


  creates difficulties accessing services (healthcare appointments, school) or state benefits 1.Young Syrians can speak arabic but can take up to 3 years to learn English due to long waiting lists/lack of classes
• Religious Tensions-Different Cultures bring ethnic tensions 


  Despite London electing the first muslim mayor in 2016 hate crimes are increasing
• Language Barriers-Different Cultures bring ethnic tensions

  200+ Languages spoke in London and over 100000 spoke Bengali and Sylheti
• Difficulties caused by Language Barriers

  1. Create difficulties accessing services and benefits 2. difficulty providing English classes 3.Area may lack a sense of community and those with limited English may find it harder to fit into the winder community