Module 6: Migration transition

• Migration Transition is directly linked to the Age Transition and

  Urban Transitions.
• Migration is defined as any permanent change in the residence.
• Internal migration is a type of migration which occurs within a country.
• International migration is a type of migration which occurs between countries.
• Out-migrant is with reference to the person's area of origin (the place left behind).
• In-migrant is with reference to the person's area of destination.
• Legal immigrants have governmental permission to live in the place they to which they are migrating, whereas illegal immigrants or undocumented migrants do not.
• Long-term immigrants include all persons who arrive in a country during a year and whose length of stay in the country of arrival is more than one year.
• Refugee - defined by the United Nations as a person who "owing to that fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.
• Asylees are refugees who are already in the country to which they are applying for admission, whereas refugees are outside of the country at the time of application.
• According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), “Refugees are people who have fled war,

  violence, conflict or persecution and have crossed an international border to find safety ina nother country.”
• Based on estimates, UNHCR noted that every year, around

  one million people seek asylum.
• In 2019, Bahareh Zare Bahari, a 31 year-old former beauty queen from Iran who represented her country in

  the 2018 Miss Intercontinental held in Manila, was granted asylum status by the Philippine

  government.
• According to the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (also known as "IDPs") are "persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed ani nternationally recognized border.”
• The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), the world's leading source of data

  and analysis on internal displacement, released the 2023 Global Report on Internal

  Displacement.
• IDMC reported that, in most cases, IDPs move toward the cities within the country. IDMC

  noted that, in contrast to camps or rural areas, cities could offer IDPs better access to

  infrastructure, services, and income-generating opportunities. However, IDPs may also end up in underserved informal settlements where they struggle to adjust to city life or

  find employment.
• THEORIES THAT FOCUS ON THE INITIATION OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION:

  • Neoclassical Economics: Macro Theory

  • Neoclassical Economics: Micro Theory

  • New Economics of Migration

  • Dual Labor Market Theory

  • World Systems Theory
• THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN THE PERPETUATION OF INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT:

  • Network Theory

  • Institutional Theory

  • Cumulative Causation

  • Migration Systems Theory
• Using the 2018 National Migration Survey, the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS)

  released a paper that "examined the characteristics of international migration behavior of Filipinos for purposes of developing stylized facts and to put forward policy insights for improving migration-related, and other development policies."
• The Rohingya are an ethnic group, the majority of whom are Muslim, who have lived for centuries in the majority Buddhist Myanmar. Currently, there are about 1.1 million Rohingya in the Southeast Asian country.
• The Rohingya speak Rohingya or Ruaingga, a dialect that is distinct to others spoken throughout Myanmar. They are not considered one of the country’s 135 official ethnic groups and have been denied citizenship in Myanmar since 1982, which has effectively rendered them stateless.
• During the more than 100 years of British rule (1824-1948), there was a significant amount of migration of labourers to what is now known as Myanmar from today’s India and Bangladesh. Because the British administered Myanmar as a province of India, such migration was considered internal, according to Human Rights Watch (HRW).
• Since the late 1970s, nearly one million Rohingya have fled Myanmar due to widespread persecution.

  According to the most recently available data from the United Nations in May, more than 168,000 Rohingya have fled Myanmar since 2012.
• State Chancellor Aung San Suu Kyi, who is the de facto leader of Myanmar, has refused to really discuss the plight of the Rohingya. Aung San Suu Kyi and her government do not recognise the Rohingya as an ethnic group and have blamed violence in Rakhine, and subsequent military crackdowns, on those they call “terrorists”
• Bangladesh considers most of those who have crossed its borders and are living outside of camps as having “illegally infiltrated” the country. Bangladesh has often tried to prevent Rohingya refugees from crossing its border. 
• The international community has labelled the Rohingya the “most persecuted minority in the world”.
• The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), formerly known as the al-Yaqeen Faith Movement, released a statement under its new name in March 2017, saying it was obligated to “defend, salvage and protect [the] Rohingya community”.
• Bahareh Zare Bahari was the subject of an Interpol “red notice” issued by Iran for allegedly assaulting her fellow Iranian.
• The total number of IDPs, 71.1 million, is a snapshot of all the people living in internal displacement at the end of the year.
• The internal displacements figure refers to the number of forced movements of people within the borders of their country recorded during the year.
• 7 main impacts of urban displacement on IDP’s: (1) Livelihoods; (2) Health; (3) Education; (4) Environment; (5) Security; (6) Housing and infrastractures; (7) Social and cultural life.
• Urban IDP’s tend to prioritize education over other services because it is transferable human capital that may be the key to rebuilding lives.
• Ravenstein - wrote the “The Laws of Migration”.
• Migration and distance - “The great body of our migrants only a proceed short distance“ and “migrants enumerated in a certain center of absorption will grow less”.
• 3 groups not considered as migrants: (1) Mobile people; (2) Mover/shaker; (3) Transient/nomads.
• Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) is established in 1998 as part of the Norwegian Refugee Council.
• Internal displacement - refers to each new forced movement of person within the borders of their country recorded during the year.
• There's rapidly escalating conflict and violence in countries such as Ukraine and Democratic Republic of Congo and significant disasters such as flooding in Pakistan which forced millions of people to flee in 2022.
• Internal displacement happens in contexts like:

  1. Conflict and violence
  2. Disasters
• 62.5 people living in internal displacement because of conflict and violence in 65 countries as of December 31, 2022.