EDWARD AND MARY FOREIGN POLICY

• What did Somerset inherit?

  - A foreign policy that was almost impossible to fix

  - By 1546, over 2 million pounds had been spent on war with Scotland and France

  - Spurred the debasement and selling of monastic lands
• What was the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh?


  - 1547

  - The last pitched battle between Scottish and English armies

  - Scotland supported by 4000 French troops

  - Somerset sent 16000 troops and 4000 cavalry

  - English victory
• Was the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh actually an English success?

  - Superfically yes

  - However, it only pushed France and Scotland closer together and destroyed any chance of a renewal of the Treaty of Greenwich

  - While Somerset throught the defeat would settle down Scotland, it stirred up nationalism and desire to cultivate a Franco-Scottish allience
• What were the English Garrisons in Scotland?

  - Despite winning the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh,

  Somerset lacked funds to maintain a military presence

  - Somerset was preoccupied with domestic policy and did not advise Lord Grey on the issue

  - This lack of commitment encouraged a Scottish attack where 5000 English troops were besieged at Haddington Castle

  - They were unable to capture Edinburgh castle as France assisted Scotland and gained control over Mary Queen of Scots in August 1548 with 10000 troops
• Why did Somerset's peace with France fail?

  - Francis I died and was replaced by Henry II, a much more aggressive character who did not want a defensive alliance

  - Forced Somerset to improve defenses on Calais and Boulogne

  - Sent troops to Scotland
• How much did Somerset's foreign policy cost?

  - £600,000
• What was the Treaty of Boulogue?

  - Signed 1550 by Northumberland

  - In exchange of 133333 and removing garrisons in Scotland, therefore restoring boarders to what they were before Henry VII

  - Agreed marriage between Edward and Henry's second daughter Elizabeth
• Were they any Trade Embargo's?

  - Yes

  - Trade Embargo with the Netherlands from 1551 to 1552
• What was the significance of Mary's marriage Treaty?

  - It was very much in favour of her

  - Stated Phillip may not "possess any sovereignty in his own right" or taken any heirs out of the country without permission

  - Mary had achieved her aim of a closer alliance with the Habsburgs

  - Successfully crushed the Wyatt Rebellion in 1554
• What happened with Mary and French War?

  - A war between France and Spain began in 1557 and initially, Mary remained neutral

  - However, in 1557, the Privy Council sanctioned the dispatch of 7000 troops led by Penbrooke who were successful in the Battle of St Quentin in which the town was given to Spain
• What happened to Calais under Mary?

  - The Duke of Guise sought to revenge on Calais

  - Lord Wentworth did not think this threat was significant and was caught by surprise, paving the way to the loss of Calais

  - Initially, Phillip sought negotiations for the return of Calais, however, after Mary's death, this collapsed due to lack of Spanish commitment
• How did Mary reform the Military and Navy?


  - They was a decline in the navy after Northumberland made peace with France in 1555

  - A new building programme was started, improvements were made to dockyards and naval expenditure was increased through a new system of financing

  - The Militia and Arms act of 1557 improved the procedures of supplying arms and equipment and made arrangements for raising and maintaining the county Militias