Tudors

• Why was Henry so Focused on France?

  -determined to win back ancestral lands that had been lost in the Wars of the Roses

  -French kings paying a Pension to English kings since the reign of Edward IV Implicitly suggested that English kings had a claim to the French throne
• What was the Battle of the Spurs?

  -August 1513

  - No fighting happened but was claimed as an English victory

  - Gave Henry the desired image of being a glorious warrior king

  - Captured Tournai and Therouanne (Burdens)

  - Began what Henry saw as his ascendancy to the French Throne
• What was the Treaty of Sanit-Germain-en-Laye?

  - consolidated English possession of Tournai and a 10000 yearly pension

  - Mary to marry Louis XIII, failed as he died a year into the marriage
• What was the Field of Cloth of Gold

  - 1520

  - 1.1 million pounds

  - Admiration and rivalry between Francis I and Henry

  - Recognised mutual benefit of peace

  - Orchestrated by Wolsey

  - Mary Tudor promised to Henri

  - Cordial Anglo-French relations

  - Speared headed by Wolsey who wanted "Glorious peace" but went against Henry's person objective of being a "Warrior King"
• What was the Treaty of London?

  - 1518

  - Pact of non-aggressive foreign policy between 20 plus countries

  - Failed when Charles V succeeded HRE and wanted European supremacy
• What was the Field of Flodden?

  - 1513 September

  - Encapsulated English dominance over Scotland

  - Use of the long bow

  - Scotland allied through Auld Alliance

  - James IV killed

  - Failed to capitalise on power vacuum when Margaret was left as regent
• What did Paul II do in 1539?


  - sent Cardinal Beaton to Scotland to ganvalise support for a Catholic Crusade

  - Henry married Ann of Cleves, seeking a protestant alliance with the Protestant League of Schmalkalden, undermining any Catholic Threat
• What was the Mary Rose?

  - Built-in 1511

  - Personification of Naval supremacy

  - Increased warships from 5 under Henry V to 40

  - Tracked via Anthony Roll

  - Sank at 1543 Battle of Solent against the French
• What was the Treaty of Bruges?

  - 1521

  - Undermined the Field of Cloth of Gold

  - Promised a Spanish-Anglo invasion of France in the next two years

  - the 1523 invasion failed due to Charles V did not materialising the agreement

  - Shows English foreign policy cannot survive without the backing of powerful allies
• What happened with Boulogue?


  - Captured in 1544 (Grave mistake)

  - 48000 men who were paid

  - campaign costing 200000 pounds amalgamated with the cost of rebuilding the walls to meet the conditions of the Treaty of Camp led to the debasement of the coin which left a legacy of debt in England.

  - Gained 1.3 million pounds in short-term but only 17% of coin contained pre-debasement issues under Edward

  - Abandoned by Charles who signed a peace agreement with Francis I
• What was the Battle of Solway Moss?


  - 1542

  - English victory

  - Subsequent death of James IV

  - Resulted in the Treaty of Greenwich but fell apart due to disagreements with the Earl of Arran

  - Renewal of Auld Alliance and Mary Queen of Scots of marrying the Dauphin

  - Exacerbated Scottish-Anglo relations through rough wooing
• What was the Battle of Pavia?


  - 1525

  - as a result of the failed amicable grant, financially England was unable to uphold their part of the Treaty of Windsor and provide an army

  - Charles V abandons Henry and reinstates his support for Francis

  - embarrassing for Henry as he failed to deliver an army, but it isolated England diplomatically as Charles and Francis aligned themselves through the Treaty of More

  - England was merely a pawn between the Holy Roman Empire and France in their quests for European dominance
• What were device forts?


  - Started in 1539

  - Made 70

  - Cost 400000 pounds

  - Used once when a French fleet attacked the Isle of White

  - Quickly became obsolete
• What was the Treaty of Amiens?


  -1527

  -Due to weak position, Henry forced to make an anti-Imperial alliance with the French