HENRY VII FOREIGN POLICY

• What was the 1487 Breton Crisis?


  - A result of antagonism between the French and the Duchy of Brittany

  - France was beginning to absorb various duchies and Brittany was next

  - In order to do so, France seeks a marriage between Charles VIII and Anne of Brittany.

  - In retaliation, Duke Francis II of Brittany tries to marry Ann to France

  - France invades Brittany
• What were Henry VII aims in foreign policy?

  - Defend the country from invasion and bolster security

  - Establish the Tudor Name

  - Promote trade and prosperity
• Why did Henry want to establish the Tudor name?

  - If the Tudor name was seen as legitimate in Europe, foreign leaders would be less inclined to support pretenders for the throne and thus increase security
• How did Henry VII respond to the Breton Crisis?

  - Henry was in a diplomatic dilemma as he had ties to both France and Brittany. - Charles VIII had sheltered him in his years in exile while France had provided him with ships and financial support to launch his invasion into England, culminating in the success at Bosworth

  - Initially, Henry only allows for volunteers to fight for Brittany as he feared France gaining Brittany would enhance an invasion of England

  - He wanted to remain to a more reactive foreign policy inorderr to maintain cordial relations in Europe.
• What caused Henry to change his stance in the Breton Crisis?

  - The defeat of Brittany at the Battle of St Aublin du Cormier and Francis is forced to sign the Treaty of Sable 1488 August which stipulates Ann cannot marry without Charles VIII's permission ( this is breached when Ann marries Maximilian HRE)

  - Francis II dies and 12-year-old Ann is taken into Wardship
• What was the Treaty of Redon?

  - 1489

  - 3000 troops sent to Brittany to defend their independence

  - Ann pledged to pay for the troops, not form an alliance with France nor marry without permission
• What was the Treaty of Dordrecht?

  - 1489 February

  - Maximilian, heir of HRE promised to send troops to Brittany to defend their independence in return for Henry providing 3000 troops to help relieve a garrison that was under threat from the Flemish

  - Maximilian did not up hold his side of the treaty and made peace with Charles VIII of France
• What was the Treaty of Etaples?

  - 1492 October

  - Henry launched 26000 men into France to siege Boulogne

  - Stipulated that the French could keep Brittany (failure) if they stopped support of Perkin Warbeck

  - Annual pension of 5000

  - Renewed in 1498 and ended crisis
• What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

  -1489

  -Spain and England offered mutual protection

  -marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine, princess of Aragon

  - Mutual reduction of tariffs

  - Arthur's death in 1502 makes the treaty rocky
• What was the significance of the Italian Wars?

  - France invaded Italy in 1494

  - Henry feared that involvement in the Italian Wars against France would strengthen support for the Yorkists.

  - he saw them as a good distraction
• What was the Treaty of Windsor?

  - 1506

  - Came about when Joanna and Phillip of Burgundy took refuge in England after being blown into the coast

  - Henry recognised Phillip's claim to Castile and promised to assist each other against rebels.
• What was the Intercursus Malus?

  - 1506 after Phillip of Burgundy blown into English Coast

  - Allowed England to export cloth without duties

  - Disliked by Flemish as was seen as overly generous

  - Ineffective as it was reversed in 1507 when Phillip died.
• What was the Magnus Intercursus?

  - 1496

  - starts trade again with Burgundy.

  - This meant that English merchants could trade freely in all parts of Burgundy, except Flanders.

  - Ended the 1493 trade embargo which was placed on Burgundy when they supported Warbeck
• What was the Treaty of Ayton?

  - 1497

  - Married Henry VII daughter to James IV

  - Auld Alliance not removed

  - Still small boarder defeats
• Scotland and Perkin Warbeck?

  - In 1495 Scotland welcomed Warbeck and married him to Lady Catherine Gordon.

  - He provided a small army to invade England, but this was quickly defeated