GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

• Early Civilization Counselors

  priests, chieftains, philosophers, or other religious representatives assumed the function of counselor.
• Ancient Greek Philosophers

  Recognized the concept of “developing one’s potential”; forces inside to guide and stimulate individual toward beneficial goals.
• Ancient Greek Philosophers

  studied people interacting  with their environment  and others

  Aristotle
• Ancient Greek Philosopher

  physician who recognized mental  illness may be caused by internal causes (Humorism Theory)

  Hippocrates
• 1890’s 

  • Industrial Revolution the industrial revolution became the major event that began to trigger factors that led to the development of guidance and counselling.


  It led to development of Social reform movements, compulsory education movements and vocational movements in industrialized societies like the United States of America.
• 1900-1909

  establishes the Boston Vocational Bureau to help young people make career decisions; writes Choosing A Vocation

  Frank Parsons, “The Father of Guidance”
• 1900-1909 a former mentally ill patient, advocates a better treatment of the mentally ill; publishes influential book: A Mind That Found Itself

  Clifford Beers
• 1900-1909

  • sets up first systematic guidance program in public schools.

  Jesse B. Davis
• 1900-1909

  • psychoanalytic theory becomes the basis for treating the mentally disturbed.


  Sigmund Freud
• 1910’s

  National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) established; forerunner of American Counseling Association (ACA)

  • Passage of the Smith-Hughes Act, which provided funding for public schools to support vocational education.
• 1920’s

  • First Certification of counselors in Boston, New York.
  • Publication of the Strong Vocational Interest Inventory (SVH

  Counselors begin broadcasting focus beyond vocational interest.
• 1930’s

  G. Williamson and colleagues develop a counselor-centered trait-factor approach to work with the unemployed. 


  It is the first theory of counseling, often called Minnesota Point of View
• 1930’s

  • John Brewer advocates education as guidance with vocational decision making as part of the process.


  Publication of the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, the first government effort to systematically code job titles.
• 1940’s

  • he developed non-directive approach to counseling; publishes Counseling and Psychotherapy.


  Carl Rogers
• 1940’s

  • With the advent of World War II, traditional occupational roles are questioned publicly;

  • personal freedom is emphasized over authority.
• 1950’s

  Indeed, the decade produced at least 4 major events that dramatically changed the history of counseling


  • The establishment of the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA)
  • The establishment of Division 17 (Counseling Psychology) within the American Psychological Association (APA)
  • The passing pf the National Defense Education Act (NDEA), and
  • The introduction of new guidance and counseling theories
• 1962

  • Gilbert Wrenn (1962) calls for culturally sensitive counseling in his publication on the 


  “culturally encapsulated counselor”
• 1967

  • Clemmont E. Vontress (1967) is among the first to author an article that uses the phrase 


  “culturally different”.
• 1969

  • Africans-Americans hold a black caucus at the Annual Convention of the APGA in Las Vegas and petition the APGA Senate to approve a resolution for the establishment of a National Office for Non-White Concerns within APGA. 


  The APGA Senate approves the resolution, and Richard Kelsey becomes the first director of the Office of Non-White Concerns and serves in the position for brief period, 1969-1970.
• 1970

  • Samuel H. Johnson becomes the first president of?
  • In October, Judith A. Lewis (1972) is guest editor of a special issue of the Personnel and Guidance Journal titled
  • ANWC, serving in the position for two years (1972-1974).
  • “Women and Counselors”

• 1973

  In February, Derald Swing Sue (1953) is guest editor of a special issue of Personnel and Guidance Journal by the title of

  “Asian Americans: The Neglected Minority”.
• 1975

  • Who is the first African-American to become president of the American Personnel and Guidance Association, 1975-1976 (ACA, 2001)

  Thelma T. Daley
• 1976

  • Pederson, Lonner, & Draguns (1976) edit the first edition of their

  Counseling Across Cultures.
• 1978

  In April, Paul B. Pedersen (1978) is guest editor of a special issue of the Personnel and Guidance Journal by the title of ___________ Published by the first issue of the International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling (IJAC). IJAC’s aim to address cross-cultural counseling issues and concerns from an international perspective and to create an opportunity for persons of different cultures throughout the world to exchange ideas about counseling.

  Counseling Across Cultures
• 1980’s

  The 1980’s saw the continued growth of counseling as a profession. Among the most noteworthy events of the decade were those that

  • standardized the training
  • certification of counselors
  • recognition of counseling as a distinct profession
  • increased the diversification of counselor specialties
  • emphasized human growth and development.
• 1990's

  The 1990’s continued to see changes in the evolution of the counseling profession, some of them symbolic and others structural. One change that was both symbolic and substantial was the 1992 decision by the American Association for Counseling and Development to modify its name to the

  American Counseling Association (ACA).
• 1990's

  A second noteworthy event occurred in 1992, when counseling, as a ___________, was included for the first time in the health care human resource statistics compiled by the Center for Mental Health Services and the National Institute of Mental Health (Mandersscheid & Sonnenschein, 1992).

  primary mental health profession
• 1990's

  A third event in counseling that also originated in 1992 was the writing of the _____________ that were published by Sue, Arredondo, Mc Davis (1992).

  multicultural counseling competencies and standards
• 1990's

  A fourth issue was a focus on health care and an increase in managed health care organizations. ________ emerged, and many counselors became providers under these new organized services. As a result, the number of independent counselor practitioners decreased as did the number of sessions a counselor could offer under managed health care plans.

  Conglomerates
• 1990- Janet E. Helms: edited the first comprehensive and significant work on  

  racial identity and counseling.
• • 1991 AMCD’s Professional Standards Committee develops __ competencies for multicultural counselors.

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• Who is guest editor of the Journal of Counseling and Development by the title of “Multi-culturalism as a Fourth Force in Counseling: In this issue, Pedersen describes multiculturalism as a “fourth force” in counseling.

  Paul Pedersen
• Ponterotto & Casa’s Handbook of Racial/Ethnics Minority Counseling Research. It is first significant, comprehensive guide for counseling research to ______ U.S. minority groups.

  racial and ethnic
• In October, Frederick D. Harper is editor of a special issue of the JMCD titled

  “Gender and Relationships.”