Research

• Data Analysis


  A process of understanding data or known facts or assumptions serving as the basis of any claims or conclusions you have about something
• Data Analysis


  1. Data collection (observation, interview, documentary analysis, research instruments)

  2. Finding answers to research questions
• Coding


  Using symbols like letters or words to represent arbitrary or subjective data (emotions, opinions, attitudes) to ensure secrecy or privacy of the data
• Collating


  Bringing together the coded data either in graph or table of responses
• Data Matrix


  Table of responses that consists of cases and their associated variables
• Types of Data Matrix

  • Profile matrix (measurements of variables or factors for a set of cases or respondents)
  • Proximity matrix (measurements of similarities and differences between items)
• Types of Proximity Matrix

  • Similarity matrix (shows how things are alike)
  • Dissimilarity matrix (shows how things are different)
• Qualitative Data Analysis


  Analysis or study of data that reflects the respondents' thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or views about something
• Qualitative data analysis is a time-consuming process
• Qualitative data comes from wide sources of information
• Not all data collected may have strong relation to the research
• Conclusion


  A type of inferential or interpretative thinking that derive its validity, truthfulness, or reasonableness from your sensory experience
• Drawing Conclusions


  1. Next step after analyzing the gathered data

  2. Deduced from facts or statement resulting from logical thinking rather than from another assumption, prediction, or generalization
• The results of your sensory experience (touching, seeing, hearing, tasting, and smelling things) are factual data to support the truthfulness of your conclusions
• Objectives of the lesson

  • Increase the list of English words you know
  • Discuss things with others using the newly learned words
  • Report to or share with others your research findings properly
  • Adopt the standard way of structuring your research paper
• Referencing styles


  • APA (American Psychological Association/Author-Date Style)
  • MLA (Modern Language Association/Humanities Style)
• Referencing your research


  Directing your readers to the exact sources of data or information stated in your report, particularly those in the RRL
• MLA referencing style


  • Often used in literature, history, and arts
  • Provides bibliographic citation in notes that corresponds to reference number in the body of the paper
• APA referencing style


  • Often used by researchers in the field of natural sciences and social sciences
  • Uses space and time, while MLA not much
• MLA referencing style - Bibliographical entry


  1. Full author's surname and first name (optional middle name initial)

  2. Title of the book or periodical

  3. Place of publication

  4. Publisher

  5. Date of publication
• APA referencing style - Bibliographical entry

  1. Full author's surname and first name (optional middle name initial)

  2. Date of publication

  3. Title of the book or periodical

  4. Place of publication

  5. Publisher
• Punctuation marks in referencing styles

  • Period (.)
  • Comma (,)
  • Colon (:)