PRELIMS 1 BACTE LEC

• Microbiology


  The study of the biology of microscopic organisms-viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, molds, and protozoa, microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye
• Life on Earth would not survive without microorganisms
• Branches of Microbiology


  • Pure Microbiology
  • Applied Microbiology
• Acute phase


  Early stage of a disease preceding the adaptive phase of the immune response
• Anaerobe


  Organism that does not require oxygen for life and reproduction
• Antibody


  Protein or immunoglobulin molecule characterized by specific amino acid sequence produced by the host as a result of a specific antigenic stimulation
• Antigen


  Substance that produces sensitivity and initiates an immune response
• Antisepsis


  Destruction of microorganisms to prevent infection
• Bacteremia


  Presence of viable bacteria in the blood, as evidenced by their recovery in blood cultures
• Bactericidal


  Antimicrobial that kills a microorganism
• Bacteriocin


  Proteins produced by some bacteria that inhibit the growth of other strains of the same organism or related specie
• Capnophile


  Microorganism that grows best in the presence of carbon dioxide
• Disinfection


  Removal of microbes that may cause disease from an environment
• Disinfectant


  Substance designed to be used on inanimate objects to kill or destroy disease-producing microorganisms
• Etiologic agent


  Microorganism causing a disease
• Fastidious


  Hard to grow; requires additional growth factors
• Genotype


  Genetic makeup of an organism
• Gram-positive bacteria


  Bacteria that retain the crystal violet–iodine complex and appear blue-black on Gram-stained smears
• Gram-negative bacteria


  Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet complex; stained red by the safranin counterstain
• Halophilic


  "Salt-loving"; an organism that grows best in media with an increased concentration of NaCl
• Immunocompetent


  Ability of an immune system to mobilize and deploy its antibodies and other responses to stimulation by an antigen
• Immunocompromised


  Describe an individual with deficient function of the immune system
• Immunosuppression


  Describe the state of an immune system that is suppressed
• Latent phase


  Permits the infection to evolve without any obvious external symptoms
• Mesophile


  Organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither hot nor cold
• Microaerophile


  Microorganism that grows in conditions of reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide
• Microaerophilic


  Microorganisms that require environments containing concentrations of oxygen lower than that present in the atmosphere
• Microbial load


  Total number of organisms present
• Obligate aerobe


  Microorganism that requires oxygen for growth
• Obligate anaerobe


  Microorganism that can live and reproduce only in a strict anaerobic environment (0% oxygen)
• Nosocomial infection


  Infection acquired within 72 hours of a stay in a health care facility
• Opportunistic infection


  Disease caused by a microorganism with low virulence that becomes pathogenic in a host with low immunologic resistance
• Pathogenicity


  Ability of a microorganism to cause disease
• Phenotype


  Observable or measurable characteristics of an organism
• Sepsis


  Systemic response to bacterial infection
• Resistant strain


  Not inhibited by the usual systemic concentrations of the antimicrobial agent with normal dosage schedules
• Susceptible


  Implies that an infection caused by the bacterial strain tested may be appropriately treated with the dosage of antimicrobial agent recommended for that type of infection and infecting species
• Intermediate


  Implying that the agent might be effective for infections located at body sites where the drugs are physiologically concentrated, or when a high dosage of drug can be used
• Zoonosis


  Disease that humans acquire from exposure to infected animals or products made from infected animals
• Zoonotic


  Pertains to diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans