Lindsy Sireno

• Tourism and hospitality


  An alternative to help economic growth in developing countries
• Reasons why developing countries use tourism and hospitality for economic growth:
• The OECD has concluded that tourism and hospitality provide a major opportunity for growth to countries that are at the intermediate stage of economic development and require more foreign exchange earnings

  
• Tourism and hospitality


  Acts as an export by bringing in revenues from outside sources when travelers outside the destination area spend on goods and services within the destination
• Direct and secondary effects


  Important to measure the economic impact of tourism and hospitality on the destination area

  
• Tourism multiplier


  Describes the total effect, both direct and secondary, of an external source of income introduced into the economy

  
• Multiplier effect


  Tourist makes an initial expenditure into the destination, which is received as income by local businesses, then spent again

  
• Cost-benefit ratio


  Helps determine the extent of potential benefits and their costs for developing the tourism and hospitality industry

  
• Some undesirable economic aspects of tourism and hospitality are higher prices and economic instability
• Theories to maximize the economic effect of tourism and hospitality

  • Theory of balanced growth - tourism and hospitality should be viewed as an important part of a broad-based economy and needs the support of other industries
  • Theory of unbalanced growth - tourism and hospitality is the spark to economic growth, emphasizing the need to expand demand rather than just supply

  
• Import substitution


  Imposes quotas or tariffs on imported goods that can be developed locally, and grants subsidies/loans to encourage use of local materials
• Incentives


  Can encourage the influx of local and foreign capital necessary to develop tourism and hospitality supply
• Many countries have placed restrictions on spending in order to maximize foreign exchange earnings
• Travel industry


  The composite of organizations, both private and public, involved in the development, production, and marketing of products and services to serve the needs of travelers

  
• Tourism and hospitality supply components

  • Natural resources
  • Infrastructure
  • Superstructure
  • Transportation and transportation equipment
  • Hospitality resources
• Natural resources


  • Elements in an area for the use and enjoyment of visitors such as climate, landforms, terrain, flora, fauna, bodies of water, beaches, natural beauty, and water supply
• Infrastructure


  • Underground and surface developmental construction such as water, sewage, gas, electrical, communications, drainage, highways, airports, railroads, roads, parks, lighting, marinas, and tourist service installations
• Superstructure


  • Above ground facility services such as airport buildings, passenger terminals, hotels, motels, resorts, restaurants, shopping centers, places of entertainment, museums, and stores
• Transportation and transportation equipment

  • Ships, airplanes, trains, buses, limousines, taxis, automobiles, cog railways, aerial tramway, and similar passenger transportation facilities
• Hospitality resources


  • The cultural wealth of an area which makes possible the successful hosting of tourists
• Hospitality training


  Aims to motivate service providers to be hospitable in dealing with tourists
• Attitude toward self


  If an individual's self-esteem or attitude toward self is low, they will tend to behave in a way that confirms the low opinion of themselves
• Attitude toward others


  Service providers should be assisted in developing positive feelings toward fellow employees and tourists that will result in positive behavior
• Attitude toward the tourism and hospitality industry


  Service providers should be made aware of how important tourism and hospitality is to their country, city, and community
• Community awareness program


  Enhances or detracts from the vacation experience by affecting the overall feeling of being welcomed within a community
• Transportation


  • Convenient access and quality service are of paramount importance in developing tourism and hospitality
• Forms of transportation


  • Land travel (road & rail)
  • Taxi & limousine service
  • Bus service
  • Rail services
  • Air travel
  • Sea travel
• Taxi & limousine service


  • Adequate service is important, with courteous and helpful drivers trained in foreign languages
• Bus service


  • Tour buses should have large windows, comfortable seats, air conditioning, restrooms, and multilingual services with properly trained and educated tour guides and interpreters
• Rail services


  • Examples include MRT, LRT, and PNR
• Air travel


  • Important services include porter service, comfortable waiting areas, and information details at large airports
• Sea travel


  • A major factor in tourism and hospitality, with developed cruise ships and increasing demand
• Types of accommodations


  • Hotels
  • Condominiums
  • Campgrounds
  • Homes of relatives and friends
• Factors affecting demand for accommodations

  • Price
  • Services required
  • Competition
• Market segmentation for accommodations


  • Expensive hotel accommodations for high-end market
  • Cheap facilities for budget-conscious market
• Planning accommodations


  • Environment
  • Destination
  • Expected markets
  • Mode of transportation
  • Type of activities engaged in at the destinations
• Types of accommodations


  • Hotels
  • Condominiums
  • Motels or motor hotels
  • Inns
  • Apartments
  • Paradores
  • Pensions
  • Bed-and-breakfast accommodations
  • Hostels
  • Compounds
  • Health spas
  • Private homes
• Hotel classification


  • By location
  • By type of guests
  • By price
  • Stars rating system (deluxe, first-class, standard, economy)
• More of the tourist dollar is spent on food and beverage than on any other service, and countries highest in per capita eating place sales are also top tourist countries
• Restaurants


  Establishments offering refreshments and/or meals to the public, classified as part of the superstructure