migration and urban growth

• migration changing

  • voluntary migration/economic migration- made the choice of own free will
  • as connections between distant countries increased, scale and pace of migration increased- strengthening interdependance
• migration- urbanisation

  • 33 megacities globally in 2018, likely to increase to 43 by 2030

  -due to increased rural to urban migration

  -migrants are young and start families- natural pop increase

  -rural to urban more evidence in developing and emergent than developed

  • IT communications and info sharing means rural to urban migrants more connected to and aware of urban spaces
  • improvement in transport technology means it is easier
• push factors

  • lack of suitable employment opportunities
  • poor working conditions
  • the mechanisation of farming- unemployment
  • changing climate conditions- land degradation
  • short supply of key resources
• pull factors

  • increased availability of employment and higher average wages- due to increased FDI investment
  • wider choice of schools- study and train
  • larger and better equipped healthcare facilities
• urbanisation- social and environmental challenges

  • illegal informal housing eg Mumbai india- unsake to build on
  • cities struggle to provide essential public services for large number of migrants eg not enough medical staff
  • authorities may not be able to provide enough safe drinking water, power to people
  • traffic congestion and air pollution- public transport overcrowded
• international migration

  • creates global hubs(highly connected globally) and interdependance
  • in 2020, 81 million people lived outside their birth country
  • london and qatar