Digital technology

• Utility Programs


  • Designed for specific tasks like disk defragmenting and task scheduling
  • Interact with computer hardware such as disk drives
  • Built into the Operating System
  • Include functions like backup, restore, and anti-virus
• Disk Defragmenter


  • Reorganizes files on a hard drive to improve access times
  • Addresses fragmentation caused by files stored in different places
  • Enhances system efficiency by reducing disk accesses
  • Fragmentation occurs when files are edited or deleted
• Task Scheduling


  • Divides processor time among tasks to maximize efficiency
  • Uses a round-robin method in multi-user systems
  • Ensures uninterrupted access to a powerful computer
  • Aims to optimize processor utilization
• Network Interface Card (NIC)


  • Enables computer connection to a network
  • Assigned a unique hardware MAC address
  • Facilitates wired or wireless connectivity
  • Essential for packet transmission
• Switch


  Creates direct connections to prevent data collisions
• Router


  • Connects networks using IP addresses
  • Ideal for LAN connections in large organizations
  • Essential for WAN connections and internet access
• Servers


  • High-powered computers providing data and services
  • Manage web hosting, print services, mail servers, and file servers
  • Ensure security, centralize updates, and backups
  • Common in large businesses for specialized services
• Operating System


  • Controls computer hardware and provides user interface
  • Manages memory allocation between files and programs
  • Hides hardware complexities from users
  • Transfers closed files from storage to main memory for use
• Device Drivers


  • Facilitate communication between hardware devices and OS
  • Essential for proper functioning of hardware components
  • Ensure hardware compatibility and performance
  • Require updates for optimal device operation
• Memory Allocation


  • Organizes main memory (RAM) usage between open files and programs
  • Manages movement of closed files between main storage and RAM
  • Finds free space in RAM for efficient utilization
• Storage Management


  • Organizes permanent storage of data and files on main storage (e.g., hard drive)
  • Handles file movement and deletion for data organization
• Processing Time Allocation


  • Allocates CPU processing power among running programs and users
  • Divides processing time into time slices based on program priority
  • Measures system performance through response time and processor usage
• Type Check


  • Ensures data matches the correct data type (e.g., numeric for prices)
  • Prevents data type mismatch errors
• Range Check


  • Verifies data falls within predetermined ranges (e.g., age between 14 and 46)
  • Restricts data input to specific acceptable values
• Pattern Check


  • Validates data against predefined patterns (e.g., postal code format)
  • Ensures data consistency and accuracy
• Comparison Operators


  • <, <=, >, >=, =, <> for data comparison
  • Used in database queries to filter and retrieve specific data
• Boolean Operators


  • AND, OR, NOT, BETWEEN for logical operations
  • Combine conditions to refine database query results
• Queries


  • YearGroup = R11 AND Gender = Female
  • YearGroup = R11 OR YearGroup = R12
  • NOT YearGroup = R11
• Big Data Management


  • Refers to handling large and complex data sets
  • Challenges traditional data management tools due to volume, velocity, and variety
• Data Analytics Importance


  • Interprets and extracts valuable insights from big data
  • Applies algorithms to identify patterns, relationships, and trends
  • Utilizes statistical analysis and artificial intelligence techniques for data interpretation
• The term "digital" refers to information that has been converted into binary code (0's and 1's) using a computer or other digital device.
• Examples of digital technologies include the internet, social media platforms, online shopping websites, mobile apps, video conferencing software, virtual reality headsets, and cloud computing services.
• Digital communication is the transmission of messages through digital channels such as email, instant messaging, texting, social media, and video calls.
• Digital content includes various forms of multimedia such as images, videos, audio files, e-books, music, games, and educational resources.