GCSE pe paper 2

• Performance Goals


  No comparison with other performers, e.g. increase shooting accuracy in football
• Outcome Goals


  Comparison with other performers, e.g. winning a table tennis match against opponent
• Why we set goals


  • Increase motivation
  • Increase focus
  • Increased standard
• Beginners are likely to avoid outcome goals as they are unrealistic and not motivating, and hard to control/depend on factors (other competitors)
• Measurable


  Possible to measure specific target which has been set and is able to be met, e.g. run 100m in 10s
• Realistic


  Target must actually be possible to complete and attain, e.g. score 10 goals next season
• Time-bound


  Target covers set period of time so the performer knows whether or not they have achieved it, e.g. score 30 points in a game of basketball by end of the season
• Inverted-U theory


  • When under aroused, performance is low. As arousal levels increase, performance increases until reaching optimum level (peak performance). If over aroused, performance decreases.
• Somatotypes

  • Ectomorph
  • Mesomorph
  • Endomorph
• Beta blockers


  Drugs that block the effects of the hormone adrenaline, reducing heart rate and blood pressure
• Heart attack


  Occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle
• Stroke


  Occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off, causing brain damage
• Blood doping


  Increasing the number of red blood cells in the body to enhance oxygen delivery and athletic performance
• High blood pressure


  Condition where the force of blood against the artery walls is too high
• Narcotic analgesics


  Painkillers that are derived from opium and can be addictive, slowing down breathing
• Manual guidance


  Providing physical assistance or support to help a learner perform a skill
• Intrinsic feedback


  Feedback that comes from within the learner, such as their own perception of how they performed
• Knowledge of performance


  Feedback on the technique or movement used to perform a skill
• Knowledge of results


  Feedback on the outcome or result of a performance
• Hooliganism is a state of disorderly or violent behavior at a sporting event
• Strategies to combat hooliganism

  • Designated seating areas for opposing fans
  • Increased video surveillance
  • Monitoring known hooligans
• Examples of technology in sport

  • Hawk-eye (tennis)
  • DRS (cricket)
  • VAR (football)
  • Goal line technology (football)
• Reasons for decline in sportsmanship

  • Increased wages and sponsorship deals
  • Media hype and rivalries
  • Win at all cost mentality
  • Commercialisation
• Ways to promote sportsmanship


  • Fair play schemes and campaigns
  • Highlighting positive role models
  • Better quality officials
  • Punishment for negative behaviour
• Motivation


  The drive to succeed and the desire to want to achieve something
• Types of motivation


  • Intrinsic (from yourself)
  • Extrinsic (from outside)
• Intrinsic motivation


  Motivation from the enjoyment and good feelings you get from taking part in physical activity and sport, e.g. pride, high self-esteem
• Extrinsic motivation


  Motivation through rewards from other people/sources. This can be tangible (you can touch, e.g. trophies, money)
• Intrinsic motivation is usually seen as the most effective - you're more likely to try hard in sport and carry on playing it in the long run if you enjoy it
• Extrinsic rewards can make you feel good about yourself, so you're more likely to want to perform well again
• If you don't like a sport, extrinsic rewards on their own probably won't motivate you to try very hard at it, or play it regularly. They work better when you're already intrinsically motivated
• Too many extrinsic rewards can actually reduce your intrinsic motivation - so you might start to rely on extrinsic rewards to feel motivated
• Types of aggression


  • Direct (involves physical contact)
  • Indirect (doesn't involve physical contact)
• Aggression doesn't have to be violent - when it's used properly, it can improve your performance in sport
• Direct aggression


  Involves physical contact with another person, e.g. pushing against the opposing team in a rugby scrum so you can win the ball
• Indirect aggression


  Doesn't involve physical contact, but aims the aggression at an object instead, e.g. a golfer performing a drive would use indirect aggression towards the golf ball to hit it powerfully to the green
• Personality types


  • Introverts (shy, quiet and thoughtful - they like being alone)
  • Extroverts (more sociable - they're talkative and prefer being with other people)
• Introverts


  • Usually prefer sports they can do on their own, and tend to like sports where they'll need fine skills, high concentration and low arousal, e.g. archery, snooker and athletics
• Extroverts


  • Might get bored when they're alone, so they usually prefer team sports, and tend to like fast-paced sports that need gross skills and low concentration, e.g. hockey, rugby and football
• Mental preparation


  Being able to get in the 'zone' - it can help you stay focused, confident and motivated, keep control of your emotions and cope with stress so you can perform at your best