Paper 2

• Development


  Refers to how social & economic conditions have improved over time & the typical quality of life in that country
• Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

  1. Stage 1 - High birth rates and high death rates cancel each other out. Population remains stable and low.

  2. Stage 2 - Death rate falls, birth rate remains high. Population begins to grow.

  3. Stage 3 - Death rate low, birth rate falls. Population still rising.

  4. Stage 4 - Low birth and death rates cancel each other out. Population high but stable.

  5. Stage 5 - Birth rate drops below death rate. 'Greying population'.
• Link between DTM and level of development

  LICs are likely to be in Stage 2 & 3, HICs are likely to be in stage 4 & 5
• Causes of uneven development

  • Physical (landlocked, climate, location/topography, clean water)
  • Economic (trade)
  • Historical (colonisation, civil war)
• Consequences of uneven development

  • Disparities in wealth
  • Health (in LICs 4 in every 10 deaths are among children under 15 years, and only 2 in every 10 deaths among people aged 70 years and over. In LICs death often results from waterborne disease and starvation whereas in HICs it's lung cancer and other cancers)
  • International migration (emigrants leave a place usually because of war or lack of opportunity – often the working ages in LICs and NEEs. Economic migrants move to HICs, open new businesses or work and pay taxes)
• Strategies to reduce the development gap

  • Investment
  • Industrial development
  • Tourism
  • Aid
  • Using intermediate technology
  • Fairtrade
  • Debt relief
  • Microfinance loans
• Top-down strategies


  Large scale industrial investment, Large Scale Aid, Debt relief, Fairtrade
• Bottom-up strategies


  Intermediate technology, Microfinance
• Nigeria is located in north-west Africa, bordering Benin, Chad, Niger and Cameroon, and on the Atlantic Coast
• Importance of Nigeria


  • One of the fastest growing economies in Africa, had the highest GDP in Africa in 2014 and the third largest manufacturing sector
  • Most populated country in Africa with 182 million people
  • Highest farm output in Africa, 70% of population employed in agriculture
  • In 2014 became the world's 21st largest economy and had the world's highest average GDP growth for 2010-15
  • Supplies 2.7% of the world's oil and has a diverse economy including financial services, telecommunications and media
• Context of Nigeria


  • Politically - Nigeria became independent from UK in 1960, had a series of dictatorships and civil war until 1999 when it gained a stable government
  • Socially - Multi-ethnic, multi-faith country, ethnic tensions and rise of Boko Haram have created instability
  • Culturally - Rich and varied culture, Nigerian music, cinema and sport enjoyed across Africa
  • Environmentally - Natural environments form a series of bands across the country reflecting decreasing rainfall from north to south
• Changing industrial structure in Nigeria

  1. Employment in agriculture has fallen from 70% to 33% due to increased mechanisation and better pay in other sectors

  2. Industrialisation and economic growth has increased employment in oil production, manufacturing and the tertiary sector (communications, retail, finance)

  3. Nigeria now has a balanced economy with an even balance between the different sectors
• How manufacturing industry can stimulate economic development

  • Regular paid work gives people a more secure income and provides a larger home market
  • As industries grow more people are employed, and revenue from taxes increases
  • A thriving industrial sector attracts foreign investment which stimulates further economic growth
• Advantages and disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria

  • Advantages: Provide employment, contribute to charities, invest money and encourage development, pay tax to government, use local companies
  • Disadvantages: Oil spills have polluted local area, employees work long hours in poor conditions and paid less, management jobs go back to source country, profits go back to source country, militant groups disrupt oil supply
• Nigeria receives about 4% of aid given to African countries, in 2013 aid represented 0.5% of Nigeria's GNI - nearly US$5000 million
• What prevents aid from being used effectively in Nigeria? Corruption by the government and by individuals is a major factor in the loss of aid and donors may have political influence over what happens to the aid
• Environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria

  • Pollution of water channels in Lagos
  • 70-80% of Nigeria's forests have been destroyed
  • Many oil spills in the Niger Delta have had disastrous impacts on ecosystems
• Nigeria's HDI has been increasing steadily from 2005, rising from 0.465 in 2005 to 0.505 in 2013. Life expectancy has risen from 46 in 1990 to 52 in 2013. Mobile phone subscriptions have increased from 0 in 1990 to 73 in 2013. Mortality rates have decreased from 213/1000 in 1990 to 117/1000 in 2013.
• Despite improvements, many people in Nigeria are still poor, and limited access to services such as safe water and sanitation is still a problem, with the % of people with access to sanitation facilities dropping from 37% in 1990 to 28% in 2013.
• Causes of economic change in the UK include de-industrialisation and decline of traditional industrial base, globalisation and government policies.
• The UK is moving towards a post-industrial economy.
• In Lagos many harmful pollutants go directly into open drains and water channels – these are harmful to people and damage ecosystems downstream
• 70-80% of Nigeria's forests have been destroyed through logging, urban expansion and industrial development. Many species have disappeared e.g. cheetahs and giraffes and 500 species of plant
• Many oil spills in the Niger Delta have had disastrous impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystems – Bodo oil spills (2008)
• Quality of life


  Commonly measured using HDI
• Nigeria's HDI has been increasing steadily from 2005. It has risen from 0.465 in 2005 to 0.505 in 2013. Life expectancy has risen from 46 in 1990 to 52 to in 2013
• Mobile phone subscriptions from 0 in 1990 to 73 in 2013
• Mortality rates have decreased from 213/1000 in 1990 to 117/1000 in 2013
• Despite these clear improvements many people are still poor, Limited access to services such as safe water and sanitation is still a problem e.g. % of people with access to sanitation facilities dropped from 37% in 1990 to 28% in 2013
• Primary sector


  Extracting raw materials from the natural environment e.g. mining and farming
• Secondary sector


  Take raw materials produce by primary sector and process into manufactured goods and products
• Tertiary sector


  Selling of services and skills
• Quaternary sector


  Industries providing information services e.g. computing, ICT, research & development
• Post industrial economy is where manufacturing declines e.g. in North of UK; ship building, iron and steel, chemicals and coal mining. Occurred in 1970s in UK
• Development of IT: internet access enables people to work from home, many new business involved with IT and hardware/software, over 1.3 million work in the IT sector
• Service and finance – contributes to 79% of UK economic output. UK Is the worlds leading centre for financial services, this accounts for 10% of UK's GDP and employs 2 million people
• Science Park


  A group of scientific & technical knowledge based businesses on one site
• Science Park


  • University of Southampton Science Park
• Business Park


  An area of land owned by a cluster of businesses
• Business Park


  • Cobalt Business Park, Newcastle Upon Tyne