Biology

• What is the function of the mitochondria?

  Carries out aerobic respiration which releases energy
• What is the function of the ribosome?

  Carries out protein synthesis
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  It contains the DNA of the cell and controls its activity
• What three differences are there between animal cells and plant cells?

  Plant cells, unlike animal cells, have a cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts
• What are the monomers of proteins?

  Amino acids
• What are the monomers of starch?

  Glucose
• How to test for lipids?

  Grind up the food sample and put it in a test tube, then add pure ethanol and an equal amount of water and shake the mixture. If the solution is clear, there are no lipids present, if the solution is cloudy, there are lipids present.
• What is an enzyme?

  A biological catalyst which speeds up reaction and lowers activation energy
• How do enzymes catalyse a reaction?


  In some substances, there are enzymes and substrates, the enzymes have their own unique holes known as active sites which need their own unique substrate. When there is a successful collision, the substrate breaks bonds with the others and goes into the active site of the enzyme and forms a product.
• What are the five kingdoms?

  Animals

  Plants

  Fungi

  Bacteria

  Protoctists
• What is saprotrophic nutrition?

  When the organism feeds off of dead organisms, this occurs in fungi, animals, some protoctists and some bacteria
• What is autotrophic nutrition?

  When the organism makes its own food, this occurs in plants, some bacteria and some protoctists
• State four functions of lipids

  Energy storage, thermal/electrical insulation, cell membranes, buoyancy
• State two functions of glucose

  Used in respiration to release energy, can store as starch/glycogen
• How to test for proteins

  Grind up food, put it in a container, add Biuret solution and shake. The solution overall should go a pale purple if proteins are present and pale blue if they aren't.
• What biological molecule are enzymes made of?

  Protein
• Which cell organelle produces enzymes?

  Ribosomes
• State three differences between bacteria and a eukaryotic cell

  Bacteria have a nucleoid made out of plasmids instead of a nucleus, have cell walls and are smaller than eukaryotic cells
• Which kingdom/s include/s multicellular organisms with cell walls made of chitin?

  Fungi
• Which kingdom/s include/s unicellular organisms with a nucleus?

  Protoctists and fungi
• What is the aerobic respiration word equation?

  Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water ( + Energy)
• What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals and bacteria?

  Glucose -> Lactic Acid ( + Energy )
• Why do we increase our oxygen consumption when we exercise?

  This is because increased oxygen leads to increased aerobic respiration, therefore energy production increases and more energy is transferred to muscles for more muscle contraction
• 30mm in micrometres


  30,000micrometres
• 1.2cm in micrometres


  12,000micrometres
• 45,000nm in micrometres


  45micrometres
• Levels of organization


  organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
• Sperm cells have many mitochondria. Suggest why this allows them to be well-adapted to their job

  A lot of mitochondria leads to more aerobic respiration taking place which releases more energy so the tail can move and the sperm cell can swim to the egg
• What elements make up proteins?

  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
• What are the functions of protein?

  Growth and repair of tissue, can make collagen/keratin, enzymes, hormones, haemoglobin, antibodies
• In a cell that respires aerobically, what change in concentration is there for oxygen molecules moving in?

  High concentration to low concentration
• In a cell that respires aerobically, what change in concentration is there for carbon dioxide molecules moving out?

  Low concentration to high concentration
• How are alveoli specialised for efficient gas exchange by diffusion?

  Many alveoli - large surface area

  Close to blood supply - decreases diffusion distance

  Thin walls - short diffusion distance

  Large blood supply - increased concentration gradient
• Which kingdoms contain starch?

  Plant ( and protoctista if they contain chloroplasts)
• Which kingdoms contain glycogen?

  Animals, bacteria, fungi and protoctista
• What are the two differences between fungi and plant cells?

  The cell walls of plant cells are made out of cellulose while the cell walls of fungus are made of chitin. Plant cells have chloroplasts while fungus cells don't.
• Aerobic respiration word equation?

  Oxygen + Glucose -> Carbon dioxide + Water (+ATP)
• Anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi word equation?

  Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (+ATP)
• What are the differences between the respiration process of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?

  Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, releases more energy and doesn't produce ethanol while anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi does not use oxygen, releases less energy and produces ethanol.
• What are the 7 components of a balanced diet?

  Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, minerals, fibre