PE P2

• What occurs in cognitive stage?

  • Formulate mental picture
  • Lots of trial and error
  • Successful movements are reinforced
• What occurs in associative stage?

  • Practice phase
  • Feedback is important
  • Eliminate mistakes
  • Concentration is intense
• What occurs in autonomous stage?

  • Movements becoming almost automatic
  • Performer concentrates on more peripheral stratergies and tactics
  • To stay in this stage performer must continue to practice
• What four factors are needed to be aware of for effective feedback?

  • Information overload
  • immediacy
  • Relevance
  • Value of intrinsic feedback
• Key things about operant conditioning?

  • SR bonds
  • Learning bonds fromed
  • Reinforcement to strengthen behaviour
  • Thorndykes laws (effect = reinforcement, exercise = practice, readiness = physically/mentally)
• Three parts of Craik and Lockharts level of processing model?

  • Considered
  • understood
  • Meaningful
• How can we make both memory models more effective?

  • Rehersal
  • Meaningfulness
  • Association
  • Avoiding overload
  • Organise information
  • Mental rehersal
• Key parts of trait theory for personality?

  • Trait is characteristic of personality
  • Everyone born with set of characteristics
  • Arranged in heirarchical form
  • Situation doesn't play major role in explaining behaviour
• Formation of attitudes?

  • Past experiences
  • Media
  • Parents
  • Teachers/coaches
  • Peers
  • Role models
  • Education
• Stratergies to improve student's attitude?

  • achievable goals
  • Emphasise on effort
  • Fun
  • Variety
  • positive reinforcement
  • Ability groups
• Types of anxiety?

  • Cogntive
  • Somatic
  • State anxiety
  • Trait anxiety
• What is the worry during or about competitve experiences?

  Competitive anxiety
• What are the two categories of aggression?

  Pure aggression and assertive behaviour (chanelled aggression)
• Explain instinct theory of aggression?

  • Aggression is natural response
  • Innate and stable
  • Response to protect/survive
  • Aggressive energy builds and needs to be released
• Explain aggressive cue hypothesis?

  • Fustration leads to increase in arousal
  • Fustration creates a readiness for aggression
  • Aggression only triggerd if provocative environmental cue is present
• How can we eliminate aggression?

  • Control arousal levels
  • Remove aggressive players
  • Reinforce non-aggressive role models
  • Punish aggressive acts
• What factors can affect social facilitation/inhibition?

  • Evaluation apprenhension
  • Home/away effects
  • personality factors
  • levels of experience
  • types of skill or activities
  • Other influences
• Stratergies to combat social inhibition in sport?

  • Selective attention
  • Mental rehersal
  • Positive self talk
  • practice with an audience
  • learn skills really well
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Control arousal levels
• What are performance goals?


  Individual against previous performance (you against yourself)
• What are process goals?


  Concerned with improving technique
• What are product goals?

  Focuses on the end results
• What is the most effective way to improve in relation to goal setting?

  Set both performance and process goals
• What is a group?


  A collection of people who share similiar goals and interact with one another
• What occurs in each stage of group formation?

  • Forming (group getting to know eachother)
  • Storming (fall outs and position seeking)
  • Norming (things start to settle)
  • Performing (good team, able to give good performance)
• What are the two dimensions of team cohesion?

  • Group interaction
  • Individual attract to the group
  • Social/task motivation
• What is steiners model suggesting?

  actual productivity (teams performance at a given time) = potential productivity (maximum capability of team if cohesion occurs) - losses due to faulty processes (things that go wrong in teams performance)
• What are the two losses due to faulty processes that can occur?

  • Co-ordination problems (any breakdown of team work)
  • motivation problems (any loss in effort/drive)
• What is the Ringelmann effect?

  Average individual performance reduces as group size increases
• What is social loafing?

  When a group loses motivation. Could be caused by lack of confidence and people worrying about making mistakes.
• What are internal/external factors in Weiners model of attribution?


  Internal: Come from within (effort and ability)

  External: come from environment (task difficulty and luck)

  Unstable(changeable) = effort and luck

  Stable(unchangeable) = task difficulty and ability
• What should coach attribute failure/success too?

  Failure = External

  Success = Internal

  Never improve though - self-serving bias
• What is learned helplessness?

  • Belief failure is inevitable so feel hopeless
• What is mastery orientation?

  • This is where you are motivated to be the best you can be at a skill
• What is attribution retraining?

  Where we change innapropriate or false attributiuons for the sake of turning failuire into success

  This can help improve performance and turn LH into MO
• What are some stratergies to promotoe MO and avoid LH?

  • Goal setting
  • Positive experiences
  • CDT or verbal persuasion
  • Task orientation
• What kind of behaviour does high self efficacy/low promote?

  High = approach behaviour

  Low = avoidance behaviour
• What are the components of Bandura's self efficacy theory?

  Performance accomplishments - past experiences and success

  Vicarious experiences - modeeling on others

  Verbal persuasion - talking to someone to change their mind

  Emotional arousal - need to stay optimum arousal
• Describe Vealeys sports confidence theory?

  • Trait sport confidence (general sport confidence)
  • Sporting context (specific situation)
  • Competitive orientation (how prepared is individual to compete)
  • State sport confidence (Confidence in given situation)
  • Behavioural response (how you behave/perform)
  • Subjective outcome (how performer sees the performance)
• Stratergies to improve SC state?

  • Mastery of skill
  • Good performance to Sig others
  • Physical/mental prep
  • Reinforcement
  • Effective leadership
  • Suitable conditions
• What are autocratic leaders like?

  • Makes all decisions
  • Motivated to complete task as quickly and effectively as possible
  • Doesnt include opinion of group