+ and -

• Whole method:

  + Get the feeling of the movement (kinesthesis)

  + Learning is quicker.

  + Allows you to know what the end product looks like

  -Not good for complex skills

  -Not good for dangerous skills

  -Some beginners may not be able to cope with it
• Part method:

   

  +Better understanding of the technique+Good for beginners and keeping motivation high+Good for complex and dangerous skills-Don’t know what the end product looks like-Don’t get a feel for movement.

  -Transfer back to whole doesn’t always work
• Visual

   

  +Good for creating a mental picture (good for beginners)

  +Very easy to deliver and fairly fast+Can just show one part of the skill which helps to prevent information overload-Demonstrations sometimes incorrect-What you see might be lacking technical information.

  -Might not be watching most important part of demonstration

  -Demonstration needs to be shown several times
• Verbal

   

  +Can be used for immediate feedback and tactics+Used to highlight the most important parts of technique.

  +Can be motivating as it can be used to praise.

  -Can lead to info overload and time consuming

  -Some movements can be difficult to put into words

  -Can be really demotivating as may not understand what they’re trying to do
• Manual/mechanical

   

  +Good for safety+Allow some kinaesthesis.

  +Can be quite motivating as gives degree of success.

  -Can give false sense of feeling of the movement-Over reliant on support and scared without it

  -Can be demotivating as they feel they can’t do the skill without help
• Intrinsic

   

  +Can correct the movement whilst actually doing it so feedback is immediate

  +Don’t have to rely on another person to give you feedback

  -If you’re a beginner, don’t know how movement should feel so can’t give yourself intrinsic feedback-Not everyone can interpret their own info so learning would be hindered
• Extrinsic

  +Help with motivation

  +Good coaching points can lead to improvement

  -Not always available-Ove reliant
•  

  Positive

   

  +Good for motivation, building self esteem and confidence

  +Good for letting people know what they’re doing correctly so they can keep doing it

  -Doesn’t help improve if you only receive positive feedback

  -Over praise then people start to ignore it
• Negative

   

  +Some performers like to know to improve as it motivates+Good for autonomous stage

  -Can be demotivating if in cognitive stage

  -If its not constructive criticism then it wont help improve
• KoR

   

  +Good for beginners and motivation+Without knowing outcome it can be difficult to learn-Doesn’t really help you improve

  -Could be patronising to those in autonomous stage
• KoP

   

  +Help improve technique

  +help develop own intrinsic feedback

  -Can be demotivating if in cognitive stage

  -Coach isn’t experienced could give you wrong points of technique to work on
• MSM

   

  +Simplifies memory process

  +Explains why if have amnesia can remember old things not new

  -To simplified, why remember songs not French

  -Not really explain distinction between STM and LTM
• Levels of processing

   

  +Explains if understand more likely to remember+Longer consideration more likely to remember

  -Longer time not always lead to better recall

  -Not account for individual differences, some remember easy
• Drive theory:

   

  +Does eplain why experts can perform at high arousal and beginners need low arousal

  -Doesn’t explain how experts become over aroused-Doesn’t take personality/task into account
• Inverted U Theory:

   

  +Explains why everyones optimum is slightly different

  +Does take into account task/personality

  -Doesn’t explain why some people have a drastic drop in performance as opposed to a gradual drop

  -Doesn’t separate cognitive and somatic arousal
• Catastrophe:

   

  +More realistic theory than others+explains why peoples performance can suddenly deteriorate

  -Doesn’t explain why some people never experience this sharp decline but just the gradual decline
• Instinct theory of aggression

   

  +Lots of people do use sport as release

  +Lots of people do show aggression if built up frustration

  -Not all people are aggressive

  -Aggression often planned and not spontaneous

  -Aggression often a copy of what others have done
• Fustration-aggression hypothesis

   

  +Some people do feel better after releasing aggression particularly if feel their act was successful+If people think perceived unfairness this can frustrate causing aggression

  -Fustration doesn’t always lead to aggression, plenty of people can control themselves
•  

  Aggressive Cue hypothesis

   

  +Just because it explains how get frustrated, it doesn’t necessarily lead to aggression

  +Links whether your aggressive or not to situation your in

  -Same cue can get diff response from same person at diff times

  -We know aggression is inappropriate so should be able to control ourselves
• Social learning theory

   

  +We know reinforcement can make people repeat there behaviour as they like to praise

  +We know people do copy sig others as research to reinforce this

  -Often we do copy others, even if are role models too us

  -People can have a strong sense of independence, sometimes we might be aggressive even if our role models haven’t show that behaviour   
• Emergent leaders:

   

  +Respect from team, already know team, lead by example, communication easier

  -Not everyone may agree on leader, limited choice, no leadership experience
• Prescribed

   

  +No favourites, good if been selected, easier to enforce change

  -Can cause breakdown in cohesion, communication could be difficult, no idea how to motivate team
• Trait Theory:

   

  +Popular belief leaders are born+Explains how someone confident but no leadership experience can just take charge

  -Doesn’t explain how can be a good leader on sports pitch but not off

  -Doesn’t take into account vicarious learning
• SLT

   

  +Shows importance of social environment+Explains why if experienced a good leader you can become one

  -Doesn’t take into account the traits people might have like assertiveness

  -Doesn’t explain why 2 people can have a good leader and 1 can go on to be a good leader and other cant
• Interactionist

   

  +Explains why someone can be a leader in one situation but not in another+Most popular theory

  -Some still believe in ‘nature’ approach

  -Some people think your sitting on the fence