psychology paper 3

• sex?


  biological classifications of XX and XY, physical and fixed
• Gender?


  psychological, identifies as masc, fem or androgenous, flexible and socially constructed
• sex-role stereotypes?


  ideas about qualities that are appropriate for males/females
• socialisation?


  passing on beliefs from one generation to another
• how are sex-role stereotypes taught?

  parents, encouraged play, peers
• Seavey procedure?


  baby in yellow jumpsuit, ball, doll or ring
• Seavey findings?


  gave doll if they thought it was female, more likely to give ring if they thought it was male
• Langlois and Downs boys with girls toys?

  boys played with girls toys, mothers accepted, male peers ridiculed and hit
• Renzetti and Curran teachers?

  boys praised for cleverness, girls praised for niceness
• androgeny hypothesis?

  androgeny is a positive and desirable condition
• olds explanation of androgeny?

  higher developmental stage reached by few
• bems explanation of androgeny?

  different cognitive style
• orlofsky explanation of androgeny?

  behavioural, acquire masc and fem traits through reinforcement
• BSRI traits?

  20 masc, 20 fem, 20 neutral
• Buchart and serbin support androgeny hypothesis?

  androgenous females scored lower for depression, introversion, schizophrenia, and mania
• BSRI high test-retest reliability?

  0.76-0.94 over 4-week period
• Reiner and Gearhart cloacal extrophy?

  14 children reassigned female at birth, 8 identified as male at 16
• David reimer?


  biologically male, raised as female, reverted to male at 13
• hormonal imprinting?


  higher levels of androgen testosterone, brain masculinisation, larger SDN
• effects of oestrogen?


  female sex characteristics, menstruation, bilateral brain, sensitivity
• effects of oxytocin?


  reproductive system, childbirth, breastfeeding, female social behaviour
• young testosterone rats?


  female rats, irreversible behaviour changes, mounted other rats
• money and ehrhardt testosterone pregnancy?

  mothers took testosterone during pregnancy, daughters exhibited male behaviours
• fitch and denenberg oestrogen rats?

  removed ovaries, changes in corpus callosum and connectivity between hemispheres
• van leengoed rats oxytocin?

  injected oxytocin inhibitors, delay in maternal behaviours