Ch.1 Powerpoint

• Anatomy


  Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

  
• Physiology


  Study of how the body and its parts work or function - the study of (ology) nature (physio)

  
• Structure determines function
• Gross Anatomy


  • Large structures
  • Easily observable
  • Anatomy means to cut (tomy) apart (ana)
• Microscopic Anatomy


  • Very small structures
  • Can only be viewed with a microscope
• Levels of Structural Organization

  • Organ System
  • Organ
  • Tissue
  • Cell
  • Organelle
• Integumentary System


  • Forms the external body covering - waterproof
  • Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury
  • Excretes salts and urea in sweat
  • Helps regulate temperature - homeostasis
  • Synthesizes vitamin D
  • Location of cutaneous nerve
• Skeletal System


  • Protects and supports body organs
  • Provides muscle attachment for movement
  • Site of blood cell formation
  • Stores minerals
  • Has calcium
• Muscular System


  • Only 1 function - to contract or shorten
  • Allows locomotion
  • Maintains posture
  • Produces heat
  • Three main types - skeletal, smooth, cardiac
• Nervous System


  • Fast-acting control system
  • Responds to internal and external change
  • Activates muscles and glands
• Endocrine System


  • Secretes regulatory hormones into the blood that target distant organs
  • Growth
  • Slow-acting control system
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism - food use by cells
• Cardiovascular System


  • Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Hormones
  • Nutrients
  • Wastes
• Lymphatic System


  • Returns fluids to blood vessels
  • Disposes of debris
  • Houses cells involved in immunity
• Respiratory System


  • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
  • Removes carbon dioxide
• Digestive System


  • Breaks down food beginning in the mouth and ending in the small intestine
  • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood to be sent to the body
  • Eliminates indigestible material
• Urinary System


  • Eliminates harmful nitrogenous wastes
  • Maintains acid - base balance
  • Regulation of materials
  • Water
  • Electrolytes - salts
• Reproductive System


  • Production of offspring
• Organ systems do not work in isolation but work together to promote the well-being of the entire body
• Necessary Life Functions


  • Maintain Boundaries
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness - irritability
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
• Survival Needs


  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Stable body temperature
  • Appropriate atmospheric pressure
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostatic imbalance - a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
• Maintaining Homeostasis


  1. Receptor - Type of sensor that responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

  2. Control center - Determines set point level, analyzes information received, determines appropriate response

  3. Effector - Provides a means for response (output) to the stimulus
• Negative feedback


  Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms, shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
• Positive feedback


  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther, only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
• Special terminology is used in anatomy to prevent misunderstanding
• Orientation and Directional Terms

  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
• Anterior Body Landmarks


  • abdominal
  • acromial
  • antebrachial
  • antecubital
  • axillary
  • brachial
  • buccal
  • carpal
  • cervical
  • coxal
  • crural
  • deltoid
  • femoral
  • fibular
  • frontal
  • inguinal
  • mental
  • nasal
  • oral
  • orbital
  • patellar
  • pectoral
  • pelvic
  • pubic
  • sternal
  • tarsal
  • thoracic
  • umbilical
• Posterior Body Landmarks


  • calcaneal
  • cephalic
  • femoral
  • gluteal
  • lumbar
  • occipital
  • olecranal
  • popliteal
  • sacral
  • scapular
  • sural
  • vertebral
• Body Planes


  • Sagittal section
  • Frontal section
  • Transverse section
• Body Cavities


  • Dorsal body cavity - Cranial, Spinal
  • Ventral body cavity - Thoracic, Abdominopelvic
• Abdominopelvic Quadrants


  • Right upper
  • Right lower
  • Left upper
  • Left lower
• Abdominopelvic Regions


  • Right hypochondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Left hypochondriac
  • Right lumbar
  • Umbilical
  • Left lumbar
  • Right iliac
  • Hypogastric
  • Left iliac
• Anterior view of the ventral body cavity showing superficial organs
• Maintaining Homeostasis in the Body Order

  1.)Stimulus(Increase temperature)

  2.)Receptor(Thermo)

  3.)Afferent pathway(nerves)

  4.)Control Center(brain)(Negative Feedback)

  5.)Efferent pathway

  6.)Effector(Decrease temperature)-sweating and dilating the blood vessels
• What is a Diaphragm?

  A Muscle
• Survival Needs


  Nutrients, Oxygen and Water
• Why do Nutrients, Oxygen and Water need to be in appropriate amounts?

  If not, disease will occur
• Examples of Atoms:


  Everything made of atoms(H)
• Example of Molecules:


  H20, Glucose aka sugars, Co2 etc