equality in couples

• Oakley 


  dual burden

  studied full time housewives in the 70s

  carry burden of both domestic and paid work
• gershuny - march of progress view 


  argues women working full time is leading to more equal division of labour
• sullivan 


  analysed statistics in 70s, 80s , 90s

  found a trend towards women doing smaller share of domestic work and men doing more
• Boulton

  although fathers help perform childcare tasks, still mainly women who take responsibility
• ferri and smith 


  found that fathers took responsibility for childcare in fewer than 4% of families
• duncombe and marsden 


  triple shift

  housework, paid work, emotional work
• hochschild


  women also perform emotional work

  managing emotions of other family members
• southerton 


  women also responsible for managing families quality time

  difficult to achieve when they are also in paid work

  juggle elements of work, leisure time, family
• crompton and Lyonette 


  2 explanations for unequal division of labour

  1. cultural / ideological - determined by patriarchal norms and values
  2. material / economic - idea that women earn less than men so should have primary role in housework