Memory

• Multi-Store Model of Memory

  Three stages: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM)
• Atkinson and Shiffrin


  Proposed the Multi-Store Model of Memory
• Sensory Memory


  • Capacity: Very large. Duration: Very brief, typically less than one second for iconic memory and a few seconds for echoic memory
• Short-Term Memory (STM)


  • Capacity: 7 ± 2 items (Miller's Law). Duration: About 18-30 seconds without rehearsal. Encoding format: Acoustic encoding
• Rehearsal in Multi-Store Model


  Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal
• Long-Term Memory (LTM)


  • Capacity: Unlimited. Duration: Potentially a lifetime
• Types of Long-Term Memory (LTM)

  • Episodic memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Procedural memory
• Working Memory Model


  Proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
• Components of Working Memory Model

  • Central Executive
  • Phonological Loop
  • Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
  • Episodic Buffer
• Central Executive


  Directs attention and processing resources to different tasks
• Phonological Loop


  Consists of the Phonological Store (inner ear) and the Articulatory Control Process (inner voice)
• Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad


  Responsible for handling visual and spatial information, sometimes referred to as the "inner eye"
• Episodic Buffer


  Integrates information from different sources and links working memory with long-term memory
• Proactive interference


  Older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
• Retroactive interference


  Newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories
• Encoding specificity principle


  Memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval (Tulving and Thomson, 1973)
• Loftus and Palmer


  Conducted research on the effects of leading questions on eyewitness testimony
• Types of retrieval cues


  • Context-dependent cues
  • State-dependent cues
• Method of loci


  Associating items to be remembered with specific locations in a well-known place
• Serial position effect


  Tendency to recall the first (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list better than the middle items
• Bahrick et al. (1975)


  Studied the duration of very long-term memory by testing recall of high school classmates' names and faces after several decades
• Explicit memory


  Involves conscious recall
• Implicit memory


  Does not require conscious recall
• Flashbulb memory


  Highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event
• Dual-coding theory


  Memory is enhanced by using both verbal and visual codes since they are processed in different channels (Paivio, 1971)