Psychology

• What are the biological differences between males and females?

  Chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy
• What does gender refer to in psychology?

  The psychological differences between males and females
• What is sex role stereotyping?

  Beliefs about appropriate behavior for genders
• Who reinforces sex role stereotyping?

  Parents, peers, media, school, and society
• What can sex role stereotyping lead to?

  Sexist assumptions denying opportunities
• What is androgyny?

  Blurring of masculinity and femininity distinctions
• How is androgyny measured?

  Using a 60-item questionnaire
• What does the BSRI stand for?

  Bem's Sex Role Inventory
• What does the BSRI consist of?

  200 traits rated by 50 males and females
• What are the dimensions used to classify scores in the androgyny questionnaire?

  Masculine-Feminine and Androgynous-Undifferentiated
• What is a criticism of the BSRI?

  It oversimplifies the complexity of gender
• What is the typical chromosome pattern for females?

  XX
• What is the typical chromosome pattern for males?

  XY
• What determines gender in humans?

  The 23rd pair of chromosomes
• What does the SRY gene do?

  Instructs XY embryo to release male hormones
• How do hormones influence development?

  They affect reproductive organs and brain development
• What hormone controls the development of male sex organs?

  Testosterone
• What happens without testosterone in a genetically male embryo?

  It develops female sex organs
• What is the relationship between testosterone and behavior?

  Positively correlated with aggression
• What does oestrogen control?

  Development of female sex organs and menstruation
• Why is PMS controversial?

  It stereotypes female experiences as biological
• What is oxytocin known as?

  The 'love hormone'
• What can under- or over-exposure to hormones during prenatal development lead to?

  Intersex conditions
• What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)?

  Genetic male develops female characteristics
• What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)?

  Genetic female has too much testosterone
• What is a criticism of chromosome studies?

  They may overlook social learning influences
• What is Klinefelter's Syndrome associated with?

  XXY extra Y chromosome
• What are the symptoms of Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  Cognitive difficulties and infertility
• What is Turner's Syndrome associated with?

  X0 missing X chromosome
• What are the symptoms of Turner's Syndrome?

  Infertility and wide neck
• What is a criticism of atypical sex chromosome patterns studies?

  They may not generalize to the population
• What does Freud describe prephallic children as?

  Bisexual, neither masculine nor feminine
• What is the Oedipus Complex?

  Boys' jealousy of their father
• How do boys resolve the Oedipus Complex?

  By identifying with their father
• What is the Electra Complex?

  Girls' sense of loss for not having a penis
• What does penis envy convert into for girls?

  A desire for a baby of their own
• What is identification in Freud's theory?

  Adopting the same-sex parent's attitudes
• What happens if complexes are not resolved according to Freud?

  Confusion about sexual identity may occur
• What evidence supports the psychodynamic explanation for gender?

  Research from Little Hans and his phobia
• What is the first stage of social learning theory?

  Observation