lesson 8

• Knowledge representation


  The form for what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on
• Two kinds of knowledge structures

  • Declarative Knowledge
  • Procedural Knowledge
• Declarative Knowledge


  Facts that can be stated, such as the date of your birth, the name of your best friend, or the way a rabbit looks
• Procedural Knowledge


  Knowledge of procedures that can be implemented, such as the steps involved in tying your shoelaces, adding a column of numbers, or driving a car
• Imagery


  Mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the sense organs
• Imagery


  • Recalling a first experience on a college campus
  • Imagining travelling down the Amazon River
  • Imagining having a third eye in the center of your forehead
• Sensory modalities represented in imagery

  • Hearing
  • Smell
  • Taste
• Guided imagery techniques


  • Used for controlling pain, strengthening immune responses, promoting mental health, overcoming psychological problems like phobias and anxiety disorders
• Dual-code theory


  Using both pictorial and verbal codes for representing information in our minds
• Analog codes

  Resemble the objects they are representing, like trees and rivers
• Symbolic codes


  A form of knowledge representation that has been chosen arbitrarily to stand for something that does not perceptually resemble what is being represented
• Propositional Theory


  Suggests that we do not store mental representations in the form of images or mere words, but rather in the form of propositions
• Propositions


  May be used to describe any kind of relationship, including actions of one thing on another, attributes of a thing, positions of a thing, class membership of a thing, and so on
• Spatial cognition


  Deals with the acquisition, organization, and use of knowledge about objects and actions in two- and three-dimensional space
• Cognitive maps


  Internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships