geography

• Globalisation


  The process of becoming more globally connected on a variety of scales. It is the movement of people, knowledge, ideas, goods and money across national borders, leading to - theoretically - a 'borderless world'.
• Economically, politically, socially and culturally, all countries are connected in the sense that we are all influenced by one another
• Evidence of globalisation


  • We buy products made in other countries
  • We talk to people across the globe on social media
  • We embrace other countries' cultures such as their music or food
• Even our environments are globalised as pollutants from other countries can affect our climate
• Laws and regulations are put in place by intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) that affect what we can do to our environment, such as the Montreal Protocol (1987) which - among other things - called for drastic reductions in the production of CFCs internationally
• Globalised societies


  (Almost) everyone in the world is influenced by other countries and people
• Without globalisation, there would be no interaction or influences from other countries. That means every product we buy would be made in the UK, there would be no international holidays, and probably no chocolate
• We need globalisation in order to thrive as societies, as the things we share with other countries allow our societies to develop
• Flows


  When countries share things with one another, it's known as a flow. This is because things are flowing (moving) from one country to another
• Dimensions of globalisation


  • Capital
  • Labour
  • Products
  • Services
  • Information
• Capital flows


  The movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade or business production
• Labour flows


  The movement of people who move to work in another country
• Antarctica


  • Most southern continent in the world
  • Contains the South Pole
  • Stretches an area of 14 million km2

  
• Product flows


  The movement of produced goods from area of production to area of consumption
• The majority of Antarctica is covered in ice
• Antarctica holds 90% of all of the Earth's surface freshwater
• Service flows


  Services are 'footloose' industries, meaning they can locate anywhere without constraints from resources or other obstacles. Services flow as they can be produced in a different country to where they are received (e.g. international call centres)
• Antarctic climate


  • Entirely unique
  • One of the most extreme environments on the planet
• Information flows


  Any type of information can flow from one place to another via the internet, SMS, phone calls etc. For example, international news
• Groups involved in capital flows

  • Core regions
  • Periphery regions
  • The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • The World Bank
• Antarctica


  Coldest place on Earth, with temperatures averaging the -40°Cs (-49°C average at the South Pole, although coastal areas are warmer)
• Antarctica


  One of the driest places on Earth, with coastal areas receiving 400 mm - 600 mm+ a year, but inland areas averaging under 50 mm per year
• Capital flows also occur within core regions. Huge capital flows pass through the major stock markets in megacities. Also, in the EU, cross border trade in finance has increased due to absence of barriers
• Antarctica is so dry that it can be considered a desert, making it the largest desert in the world
• Types of labour migration

  • Economic migrants
  • Refugees
  • Asylum seekers
• United Nations


  The first post-war IGO established, with the overall aim to maintain international peace and security
• United Nations


  • Has a major role in global governance and peacekeeping, with 193 global members
• UN organisations


  • General Assembly
  • Security Council
  • International Court of Justice
  • UNESCO: Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
  • Peacekeeping
• Today, 3-4% of the world's population are international migrants
• General Assembly


  All 193 members are part of the general assembly, making it an organisation of universal representation. The aim is to discuss and debate issues of peace and security.
• The McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are thought to have not seen rain in nearly 2 million years
• Security Council


  Consists of 15 members, 5 permanent. This organisation solves threats to peace by having each member vote. The security council can deliver economic sanctions and other means to resolve issues.
• The majority of international migration is migration to a high income country. 14.1% of high income country populations are made up of international migrants, whereas only 1.6% of low income country populations are made up of international migrants
• Winds of Antarctica


  Very strong, known as katabatics or katabatic winds, with gales of 60-70 mph known to occur around 40 days in the year, and the highest wind speed ever recorded being 199 mph (327 km/h)
• Major labour flows within continents

  • Asia
  • Europe
  • Africa
• International Court of Justice

  Settles legal disputes and international law breaks that are submitted by member states. The aim is to maintain peace between states, and to offer legal advice.
• As Antarctica is in the Southern Hemisphere, its winter occurs during our summers (March to October), and 6 months of the year is dark, 6 months of the year is constant sunlight (at the South Pole)

  
• Due to the cold, harsh conditions, the ecosystem is not very biodiverse, with only hardy plants such as mosses and lichen able to grow, and hardly any land animals (only insects)
• The Southern Ocean, though, is diverse in marine life, with lots of fish, krill, penguins, seals and whales
• UNESCO


  The aim is to maintain peace through education, science, and culture. UNESCO's main aim is to stand up for the freedom expression.